The Scandinavian tribes behind exception it is ready have not taken part in Great resettlement of peoples

The Scandinavian tribes without exception have not taken part in the Great resettlement of peoples. These years they showed relative peaceful disposition. Ancestors of Swedes have formed strong Sweden power (described still Tacitus). With 5-th A. D. it enters into a strip economic and cultural blossoming - so-called the Vendel period. Cultural communications of the Scandinavians are distributed from British isles up to Average Volga. In art they developed international "Vendel style" in which are traced both Roman and east (Sarmatian) influence. For its creation the Irish tradition had special value. As intermediaries between Scandinavians and the Celts at this time Anglo-Saxons, probably, acted. But the original centre of the new art covering the European continent up to Frank power and Italy was Sweden and its such centres, as Uppsala, Valcgarde, and Vendel.

The Polabian language was a group of Slavic dialects spoken in present-day northern Germany: Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, eastern parts of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein. They became extinct in the 18th century. There are known Polabian texts written in Hanover Wendland (Luechow-Dannenberg) in 17th and 18th centuries. Polabian was one of the Lekhitic languages.

The name derives from the name of Polabian Slavs, which in its turn derives from name of the Elbe river in Slavic languages: Labe in Czech language and Łaba in Polish language, see Wends.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabian_languages"

slavs

	Les Gaulois sont avant tout des immigrés, celtes originaires d'Europe Centrale ou de la région située entre l'Oural et le Caucase. Comme les peuples qui les précèdent sur le territoire de l'Europe occidentale, non celtes, puis, après eux, les Romains, des peuples germains, les Francs, les Burgondes, les Wisigoths, les Scandinaves en Normandie, etc., ils ont conquis par la force ou se sont installés sur des territoires alors probablement peu peuplés, entre 1500 et 75 avant notre ère, la majorité entre 700 et 400 avant notre ère. Ils se sont ensuite progressivement intégrés aux populations qui les précédaient et ont introduit langues et progrès techniques. Après la conquête romaine, le même phénomène d'assimilation et de fusion entre les peuples s'est reproduit; les Romains ont introduit à leur tour langues et progrès techniques tout en conservant certains aspects de la civilisation gauloise.
	Le nom de Gaulois, comme le nom générique des Celtes, leur a été donné par les Grecs.
	Les langues celtes et le latin, parmi d'autres, sont issues d'un réservoir commun *indo-européen*, ce qui explique qu'un nombre de mots assez importants aient des ressemblances car ils ont des racines communes.
	Certains noms de tribus gauloises leur ont été donnés par Jules César dans ses descriptions de la Gaule; il a donné les noms gaulois qu'il connaissait et a inventé des noms descriptifs pour les autres.

http://crehangec.free.fr/peuples.htm

The cultures with which the modern peoples try to establish and maintain communication are numerous.. For example, strong schools of Etruscology have been developed, for example, in Germany (Ý. Gerhard, item. Court, E.Rashinger) and in Russia (P. Modestov, A. Nemirovsky). The same can be told and about cultures of the Hittities and of the Zoroastrian Persians.

From the point of view of safety of mythology of the Scandinavians are similar the mythology of the Celts . On the one hand, it is a grandiose layer of the pagan arts and crafts categorised as several historical periods. Most significant of these periods were:

· the Period of great resettlement of peoples (3 - 5-th c. A. D.), left well-known bracteats - gold metal plates,

· the Vendel period (5 - 8-th c. A. D.) from it is magnificent ornamented with the weapon;

· Century of Vikings (the end 8 - 11-th c. A. D.) when well-known images on stones and monuments wood grooves were created.

· THE WENDS USED THE SAME STRATEGIES THAN THE VIKINGS

· MARGARETH II OF DANMARK IS ALSO QUEEN OF THE WENDES AND OF THE GOTHS

Metalwork

http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ujg/ujgx.html

The Vendel Renaissance
(Scandinavia, 4th to 8th c. A.D.)

Name	Gender	Origin	Meaning	Similiar Names
Vendela	female	Scandinavian

	1. Vendel silver fibulae from Swedish graves, based on Late Roman models. Inlaid with impressed gold sheet and embellished with applied rosettes
	2. Vendel silver gilt fibula from Öland Island, ca. 400-450 A.D. (Stockholm: Statens Sjöhist. Mus.).
	3. Vendel sword hilt from Grave V, Snartemo Hägebostad, Vest Agder, Norway. Hilt is repoussé Early 6th c. A.D. The gold plate grips and silver gilt mount at the mouth of the scabbard are in Style I.
	4. Gilt bronze strap end. Vendel Style II. From a 7th-century grave in Uppland, Sweden. The design is a fantastic animal mask.
	5. Vendel zoomorphic interlaced metalwork. Booty from middle Sweden. Upper and right objects are from 7th century, and middle and lower objects are from the 8th c.

Stone relief

	1. Rune stone with horseman from Möjbro, Uppland, Sweden. 4th century. The Roman impact on traditional symbolic stone inscriptions, as seen here in the addition of the naturalistic horseman, was ephemeral, but the italic script used for the runic symbols evolved into a written language that lasted many centuries (Stockholm: Statens Sjöhist. Mus.)
	2. Vendel runestone with interlace and cross within a runic border, 5-6th c. A.D. (Stockholm: Skanlen).

Få kvinnor har hittats i gravarna. Men ändå är Vendel känt för sina starka ledarkvinnor… Bland annat krigarkvinnan Vendela, som kastade sten på kyrkan och som finns begraven i skymundan i en nerväxt gravhög.

Few women have been found in the graves. But nevertheless is Vendel well-known for your strong ledarkvinnor… Among other thing krigarkvinnan Vendela, that threw stone on the church and that finns begraven in skymundan in a nerväxt grave high.

Mer att läsa om Vendeltiden och dess omgivande historia, finns bl a i Herman Lindqvists första band i serien Historien om Sverige, "Från islossning till kungarike" samt i Mats G. Larssons "Svitjod, resor till Sveriges ursprung".

More to read about Vendeltiden and its ambient history, exists among other thing in Herman Lindqvist's first band in the series Historien about Sweden, “from islossning to kingdom” and in Mats G. Larsson's “Svitjod, travels to Sweden's origins”.

http://www.vendelinfo.se/viking/vendeltid.htm

Vendeltid

Vendel var en naturlig omlastningsplats mellan sjövägen, de olika fjordar och senare åar som gick in i landet samt åsarnas landvägar mot Norduppland och Bergslagen, med dess järnfyndigheter. Fyrisån kommer söderifrån från Uppsala och skär igenom en grusås som i sin tur är förbunden med Uppsalaåsen, där E4:an ringlar fram idag.

Tiden mellan folkvandringstiden år 375-550 och vikingatiden år 800-1100, var tidigare mycket okänd och outforskad. En stor arkeologisk utgrävning gjordes vid Vendels kyrka och där fann man 14 stycken båtgravar, där den döde begravdes obränd tillsammans med husdjur, mat, köks- och krigsutrustning. Gravfynden var av blandat ursprung, både inhemskt tillverkat och långväga import. Gravarna var intakta och gav svar på många av de obesvarade frågorna. Fyndplatsen fick ge namn åt tidsperioden 550-800 efter Kristus, som idag kallas för Vendeltiden.

Båtgravarna tros vara gravar för rika män, som spelat stor roll då konungariket Sverige bildades. Senare har flera liknande fynd gjorts längs vattenvägen söderut ner mot Uppsala, dels i Valsgärde och i Ultuna. Till detta ska läggas de stora gravhögarna och gravfälten utanför Gamla Uppsala.

Just där, i Gamla Uppsala påbörjades bygget av ett nytt museum under 1998, som för första gången ska visa fynden från Uppsala högar, Valsgärde och Vendel på samma plats. Sedan tidigare finns fynden på Statens Historiska museum i Stockholm. I södra stigluckan vid kyrkan, finns lite information och kartor om fynden. Nya utgrävningar har gjorts på 90-talet och då fann man en unik gjutgrop, där kyrkklockor gjordes.

Gravarna i Vendel, trodde man först var konungagravar. När fler fynd gjordes, blev man mer tveksam och ansåg att de rörde sig om storbönder eller hövdingar, som ingick i den kända sjökrigsorganisationen, lerdungen. Det skulle också kunna vara lokala stormän, som blivit rika på päls- och järnproduktion. Många av orternas befolkning härstammar från dessa valloner.

Vikingarna var ett krigande folk, som reste långväga i kring. En liknande båtgrav med obrända döda, vilket var ovanligt på den tiden, har man funnit i Sutton Hoo i östra England. Graven var från början av 600-talet och den begravde lokale kungen, bar hjälm och en sköld som var gjorda i Mälardalen av samme mästare som gjort hjälmar och annat i Vendelgravarna.

Vid Husby i Vendel ligger Ottarshögen, daterad till början av 500-talet, som man antar vara Ottar Vendelkråkas grav. Gravhögen är byggd på samma sätt som Uppsala högar, där Ottars far, farfar och son ligger begravda (Aun, Egil och Adils). Få svenska nedteckningar finns om denna gravhög, men däremot i Norge där man omtalade de mäktiga kungarna.

På 70-talet utgavs ett 2 kronors frimärkshäfte, med just namnet Vendeltid. Häftet är lätt att minnas eftersom det fanns i dåtida sk frimärksautomater. Frimärken visar exempel på de olika hjälm, svärd och sköldar som fanns i gravarna.

THE CHURCH OF VANG IN THE NORTH OF NORWAY

In 13-th c. A. D. in Iceland two remarkable books were created.

"Elder Edda" and "Younger Edda".

The first represents the anonymous collection mythological, ephic and didactic songs.

The second, belonging well-known Sturluson and being on a plan the textbook skaldic

The Scandinavian tribes behind exception it is ready have not taken part in Great resettlement of peoples. These years they showed relative peaceful disposition. Ancestors of Swedes have formed strong Sweden power (described still Tacitus). With 5-th A. D. it enters into a strip economic and cultural blossoming - so-called the Vendel period. Cultural communications of the Scandinavians are distributed from British isles up to Average Volga. In art has developed international "Vendel style" in which are traced both Roman and east (Sarmatian) influence. For its creation the Irish tradition had special value. As intermediaries between Scandinavians and the Celts at this time Anglo-Saxons, probably, acted. But the original centre of the new art covering the European continent up to Frank power and Italy was Sweden and its such centres, as Uppsala, Valcgarde, and Vendel.

. East Balts (it is especial Lithuanians) where ruled by princes, venerated the God of Thunder (that, probably, it is connected to influence of the Vikings and Thor's cult). Not probably, the Prussians lost independence (similarly to Celtics) by but the Lithuanians preserved their independence and organised state.

It is necessary to note that among Slavic peoples in the most full structure the pantheon of east Slavs is known. To the god of the Clear Sky corresponds Svarog, to the God of Thunder - Perun , to the God of Earth Powers - Veles , to the Cultural Hero - Dazhbog / Yarila, the Great Goddess - Mokos , Lada and others. Thus, especial development worship the Cultural Hero has achieved in western Slav mythology: actually, the majority of their known gods (Svantevit, Herovit, Porevit etc.) can be considered as an embodiment of this type.

German-Scandinavians.

German people appear much later the Celts in a history. Actually, this name the Romans have started to use since 1 century b. D. One of the first displays of " the German spirit " steel of act of the Kymbres and the Teuthonics (the truth, they, probably, belonged to peoples, intermediate between the Celts and Germanics). The Teuthonics aspired to establish the control above Celticum, but eventually were exterminated by the Romans. The same fate has comprehended above mentioned Ariovist. Power of Rome grew and in 1-th c. A. D. Tiberius occupied the grounds between Rhine and Elba. The answer became creation of "power" barbarian king Marobod it covered territories of present Poland, Czech and East Germany, number of Marobod's soldiers reached 70 thousandes and revolt of the Heruscian leader, destroyed in Teuthoburg wood three Roman legions. Retaliatory Roman expeditions in common have not reached the purpose. The organized machine of the Roman regular army finally appeared powerless German have proved, that if people has will to struggle, it in a condition to keep independence.

However, the German tribes did not wish to obey and to own kings. Marobod was expelled. On two one century between empire and Free Germany the balance interrupted, certainly, by conflicts was established.

However Goths have not got on with many local ethnies (behind exception Alanians) and were expelled by the Hunns.

They have found a refuge on the grounds of empire, but in that epoque represented permanent threat to Rome. Finally, Westgoths have grasped Gallia and Iberia (Spain), and Ostgoths - Illyria and Italy. Other tribes did not lag behind also: Francs, Vandals, Anglo-Saxons, Herules, Friezes...

New epoch has come in middle 3-th c. A. D. - so-called Great resettlement of peoples. Rome was in a condition of a political collapse, and among German young aggressive peoples which L. Gumilev counted generation ethnic a push have appeared: Allemanes, Goths and Francs. To two the big future was fated to last. According to the gothic historian of 6 centuries to Jordan, the Goths and Vandals occured from Southern Scandinavia. They have landed in a mouth of Vistula and have gradually promoted up to Black Sea. Then Goths, having used Bospor ships, have plundered Greece and coast of Asia Minor. In 4 century, in territory of the East Europe there was an extensive power Hermanarih. However Goths have not got on with many local ethnoses (behind exception Alanians) and were expelled hunns. They have found a refuge on the grounds of empire, but with that поры represented permanent threat to Rome. Finally, Westgoths have grasped Gallia and Iberia (Spain), and Ostgoths - Illyria and Italy. Other tribes did not lag behind also: Francs, Vandals, Anglo-Saxons, Herules, Friezes...

However, the period of prosperity and relative rest the event which reminded epoch of Resettlement of peoples and has received the name has replaced " movement of Vikings " (the word "Vikings" occurs whether from "vik" - " a bay, having filled ", whether from "vikingr" - " the pirate, the robber "). Victims of their attacks became England, Ireland, France, Northern Germany, Iberian Peninsula, and Southern Italy. It is known significant, though also an ambiguous role of the Vikings in creation of the Kiev Russia.

The Vikings have opened and have occupied Iceland. Its development had key value for preservation of the Scandinavian mythology. Here it is necessary to mean that the culture of Vikings developed already in Christian time, representing some kind of "overdue flowers northern paganism Retraction of Scandinavians in life of continental Europe entailed their christening quite often accompanied with cultural excesses. In Iceland this process occurred rather peacefully (as well as in Ireland), here long time exist pagan belief, and then ancient gods went in the category of poetic metaphors.

The separate products named sagas (the term is inexact and taken by modern researchers from the Scandinavian tradition, Irish named them "skel" - stories) are grouped in various attributes.

The Term "barbarians" - "bearded", having the Greek origin, has undergone the certain evolution in scientific and ordinary consciousness. Greeks of classical epoch named so all other peoples.

Such opposition of "we" - "outsiders" is present in any cultures. Hence, Greeks included in concept "barbarians" and representatives advanced ancient oriental civilisations: Egyptians, Babylonians, Lydians, and Phoenicians. From the point of view of ancient Greek thinkers, for example, Aristotle, such division

existed and will exist always.

Peoples of Barbarous Europe can be considered as a part of this world, showing characteristic for it three dominants: " cattle breeding, a nomadic way of life and aggression "

The follower of new belief began to refer to as a proud name "Roman", opposing itself "Paganus" - to the pagan as whom it could be understood both the native of empire and the foreigner. Later the countryman was named Paganus (and not casually - in a countryside pagan rites longly kept).

The western Europeans began to name "Barbarians" peoples which were not recognising religious authority Roman pontifics and political (let even fictitious) domination of new emperors. Mainly peoples of the East Europe fell under this concept.

In scientific area the Roman understanding of "barbarians", as peoples of the ancient Europe which has been not covered with an antique civilisation was fixed. But there is also a parallel tendency to treat the term as any stage of development. For example, Marks, is speaking about the periods of "barbarity" previous to the state development and "wildness” followed for Morgan.

Vendel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

For the commune in France, see Vendel, Ille-et-Vilaine.

Ohthere's mound

Vendel is a parish in the Swedish province of Uppland. It is the site of an ancient royal estate (part of a network of royal estates that have been the property of the Swedish kings since the Iron Age, called Uppsala öd).

The site has many graves from the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries. It also shows a large mound which local tradition calls Ottarshögen (the mound of Ohthere of the epic Beowulf). An excavation in 1917 revealed the remains of a powerful man who was buried in the beginning of the 6th century, the time of Ohthere.

Vendel has given its name to a period in the Scandinavian Iron Age, and it has often been suggested that the Germanic Vandals, or at least their kings, were connected to the site. A grave of Sutton Hoo (King Raedwald of East Anglia (?)) revealed that the man it contained wore virtually the same armour as what was found in the close burial site of Valsgärde.

Vendsyssel-Thy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

(Redirected from Vendsyssel)

Vendsyssel-Thy or Nørrejyske Ø (Danish for North Jutland Island) is the northmost part of the Jutland Peninsula (Denmark) and the second largest island of Denmark.

It is, however, seldom regarded as a single unit. It consists of three areas which are referred to much more often than to the island as a whole. The consisting areas are:

· Vendsyssel, the largest part at east and north (in North Jutland County),

· Hanherrederne in the central part (divided between North Jutland and Viborg Counties),

· Thy at west (in Viborg County, except for the southmost part, called Thyholm, in Ringkjøbing County).

Vendsyssel-Thy was once connected to the remaining part of Jutland by a 13 km long and less than 1 km wide isthmus, the Agger Tange which separated the North Sea from the Limfjord. It became an island at February 3, 1825 when a flooding made Agger Canal through the north end of the isthmus. Thyborøn Canal was created through the center of Aggertange by another flooding in 1862, and Agger Canal began to be filled with sand, and it was eventually closed in 1877, thus making the island a little bit larger.

Due to a superficial similarity of names, it is sometimes hypothesized that the name of the Vandals is connected to Vendsyssel.

· Area: 4,685 km²

· Population: 306,373 (January 1, 2003)

· Most important towns: Hjørring, Frederikshavn, Løkken, Lønstrup, Brønderslev, Hirtshals

Vendsyssel-Thy: Thy at west, Hanherrederne (with the towns Fjerritslev and Brovst) in the middle, and Vendsyssel at east and north

Jutland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

(Redirected from Jutland Peninsula)

Jutland Peninsula

Jutland (Danish: Jylland, German: Jütland) is a peninsula in northern Europe that forms the mainland part of Denmark and a northern part of Germany, dividing the North Sea from the Baltic Sea. Its terrain is relatively flat, with low hills and peat bogs. It has an area of 29 775 km² (11,496 square miles), and a population of 2,491,852 (2004).

Much of the peninsula is occupied by the Kingdom of Denmark. The southern portion is made up of the German Bundesland of Schleswig-Holstein, possession of which has passed back and forth between the Danes and various German rulers, with Denmark most recently reclaiming North Schleswig (Nordslesvig in Danish) by plebiscite in 1920.

The largest cities in the Danish part of the Jutland Peninsula are Århus, Aalborg, Billund, Esbjerg, Frederikshavn, Randers, Kolding, Ribe, Vejle, Viborg, and Horsens.

The five largest cities in Schleswig-Holstein are Kiel, Lübeck, Flensburg, Neumünster, and Norderstedt, although Lübeck and Norderstedt are arguably not in Jutland.

[edit]

History

Jutland has historically been one of the three main parts or lands of Denmark.

Some Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Vandals moved from continental Europe to Britain starting in c. 450 AD. The Angles themselves gave their name to the new emerging kingdoms called England (Angle-land). This is thought by some to be related to the drive of the Huns from Asia across Europe, although the arrival of the Danes would more likely have been a major contributory factor, since conflicts between the Danes and the Jutes were both many and bloody. The Danes themselves trace their ancestry back to the ancient Scylfing kings who lived around Uppsala, Sweden in the time before recorded history in Scandinavia. In time, however, these hostilities were decreased by intermarriage between Jutes and Danes.

The Danes took considerable steps to protect themselves from the depredations of the Christian Frankish emperors, principally with the building of the Danevirke, a wall stretching from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea.

Charlemagne removed pagan Saxons from east Jutland at the Baltic Sea — the later Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg areas — and moved Abodrites (or Obotrites), a group of Wendish Slavs who pledged allegiance to Charlemagne and who had for the most part converted to Christianity, into the area instead.

To speed transit between the Baltic and the North Sea, canals have been built across the peninsula, notably the Eiderkanal in the late 18th century and the Kiel Canal, completed in 1895 and still in use.

During World War I, the Battle of Jutland was one of the largest naval battles in history. In this pitched battle, the Royal Navy engaged the German Navy leading to massive casualties and ship losses on both sides. Although the Royal Navy suffered greater immediate losses, its Grand Fleet remained battle-ready. Damage to several heavy vessels of the German High Seas Fleet would have prevented them from doing the same, and the German Navy never again challenged Britain's, resorting instead to covert submarine warfare.

[edit]

See also

Jutland is a long peninsula in Northern Europe, and the today Schleswig-Holstein is its southern part. From the old Scandinavian Sagas we get the impression that Jutland has "always" been divided into a northern and a southern part with the border running along the Kongeå River. However, balancing archeology and Roman sources, one can assume that the Jutes inhabited both the Kongeå region and the more northern part of the peninsula, while the Angles lived approximately where the towns Haithabu and Schleswig later would emerge (originally centered in the southeast of Schleswig in Angeln), the Saxons (earlier known apparently as the Reudingi) originally centered in Western Holstein (known historically as "Northalbingia"), and the Northern Frisians in the west of Schleswig. The eastern area of modern Holstein was inhabited by slavic Obrodites (Obotrites) and their subgroup, the Wagriens. The pattern of populated and unpopulated areas was relatively constant through Bronze Age and Iron Age.

After a lot of Anglians had emigrated to the British Islands in the 5th century, the land of the Anglians came in closer contact with the Danish islands - plausibly by immigration/occupation by the Danes. Later also the contacts increased between the Danes and the people on the northern half of the Jutish peninsula.

As Charlemagne extended his realm in the late 8th century, he met a united Danish army which successfully defended Danevirke, a fortified defensive barrier across the south of the territory. A border was established at the River Eider in 811. In the 9th century the border was adjusted to the south, and for a while Hamburg was occupied by Danes.

This strength was enabled by three factors:

· the fishing,

· the good soil giving good pasture and harvests, and

· in particular the tax and customs revenues from the market in Haithabu, where all trade between the Baltic Sea and Western Europe passed.

Danevirke was erected immediately south of the road where boats or goods had to be hauled for approximately 5 kilometers between a bay of the Baltic Sea and the rivulet Rheider Au ("Reider Å" in Danish) connected to the North Sea. There, on the narrowest part of southern Jutland, an important transit market (Haithabu, also known as Hedeby), close to the later City of Schleswig was established, and protected by the fortification of Danevirke.

The wealth of southern Jutland, its riches reflected by impressive archeological finds on the site today, and the taxes from the Haithabu market was, of course, enticing. A separate kingdom of Haithabu was established around year 900 by the Viking chieftain Olaf from Svealand. Olaf's son and successor Gnupa was however killed in battle against the Danish king, and his kingdom vanished.

The southern border was then adjusted back and forth a few times. For instance the German Emperor Otto II did occupy land north of the River Eider in the years 974-983, stimulating German colonization.

Later Haithabu was burned by Swedes, and first under the reign of King Sweyn Forkbeard (Svend Tveskæg) (986-1014) the situation was stabilized, although raids against Haithabu would be repeated. Again in 1066 Haithabu was destroyed by fire.

From time immemorial the country north of the Elbe had been the battle-ground of Danes and Germans, as well as certain Slavonic people. Danish scholars point to the prevalence of Danish place-names far southward into the German-speaking districts as evidence that at least the whole of Schleswig was at one time Danish; German scholars claim it, on the other hand, as essentially German. That the duchy of Schleswig, or South Jutland (Sonderjylland), had been from time immemorial a Danish fief was, indeed, not in dispute, nor was the fact that Holstein had been from the first a fief of the Germano-Roman Empire, originating in the small area of Nordalbingia, in today western Holstein, inhabited then mostly by Saxons, but in 13th century expanded to the present Holstein, after winning local Danish overlord. The controversy in the 19th century raged round the ancient indissoluble union of the two duchies, and the inferences to be drawn from it; the Eider Danes claimed Schleswig as an integral part of the Danish monarchy, which, on the principle of the union, involved the retention of Holstein also; the Germans claimed Holstein as a part of Germany and, therefore, on the same historic principle, Schleswig also. The history of the relations of Schleswig and Holstein thus became of importance in the practical political question.

When it first appears in history Slesvig (South Jutland) was inhabited by mingled Cimbri, Angles, Jutes, and Frisians, upon whom the Danes exercised an unceasing pressure from the north. To the south of Schleswig what is now Holstein was inhabited mainly by Saxons, pressed upon from the east by the Wends (such as Obotrites) and other Slavonic races. These Saxons were the last of their nation to submit to Charlemagne (804), who put their country under Frankish counts, the limits of the Empire being pushed in 810 as far as the Schlei in Schleswig. Then began the secular struggle between the Danish kings and the German emperors, and in 934 the German king Henry I