Para la elaboración del mapa se han seguido las directrices marcadas por el propio Heródoto, no esta, pues, contrastado con otras fuentes complementarias, clásicas o no. Mantengamos pues la visión que de este mundo tenían los antiguos griegos. Las ciudades griegas son tan solo orientativas, el verdadero calibre de la colonización griega en el Euxino será tratado en otro articulo, mas adelante, en profundidad.

In Europe

Alan Dateline Bulgar Dateline Huns Dateline Kipchak Dateline Sabir Dateline

Ptolemy
Geography

Eastern Europe 1. Reconstruction of European Sarmatia Map, Book 3 Chapter 5 2. Reconstruction of European Sarmatia Map, Book 3 Chapter 5 3 European Sarmatia Coordinate Chart	Восточная Европа 1. Реконструкция карты Европейской Сарматии, Книга 3 Глава 5 (Карта отличается от Англоязычной) 2. Реконструкция карты Европейской Сарматии, Книга 3 Глава 5 (Карта отличается от Англоязычной) 3. Диаграма координат Европейской Сарматии
Links
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/.Texts/Ptolemy/home.html http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/.Texts/Ptolemy/3/5*.html
Source and Comments
A.D.Udaltsov TRIBES of EUROPEAN SARMATIA 2c. AD (Ethogenesis Questions, No 1, 1946, page 41-50) А. Д. Удальцов ПЛЕМЕНА ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ САРМАТИИ II в. н. э (Вопросы Этногенеза, No 1, 1946, стр. 41-50)
Introduction	Введение
Claudius Ptolemy was a geographer, astronomer and mathematician of the 2c AD, exact dates are not known, but he worked in Alexandria between 127 and 148 AD. By Bill Thayer: Ptolemy's Geography was an atlas. Ptolemy was well aware of the copying errors, his maps have consequently disappeared, nothing remains but the index. Ptolemy suggested that people re-plot his data. Various people at various times have redrawn the maps from the coördinates given in the work The edition in English translation with no original-language text, is hardly a scholarly one, which is sad, since I know of no other English translation. Anyway, it was clearly not proofread and introduces many errors of its own into the already unreliable manuscript tradition. For European Sarmatia, Ptolemy lists 41 sets of coordinates, including 22 towns, and 61 population names, some of them variations of the same name. A few of the population names are readily recognizable: Finnish Finns. Lituanian/Veneds: Veneds. Türkic: Agathyrsi (Türk. Agach-er, forest people), Aorsi (Avars), Bodini (Türk. Budun, people), Gelones (Türk. Gelon, snake), Melanchlaeni (Türk. Kara Kalpak), Rhoxolani (Türk. Uraksy Alani, settled Alans), Savari (Türk. Su-ar, water people), Sarmats (Türk. Sarma, sack). Celtic Bastarns. Germanic/Scandinavian Burgiones, Galindae. A number of names are associated with the location: Carpiani, Tanaites, Tansmontani, Tauroscythae (Türk. Mountain Scythes), Tyrangitae (Gets of Tyre?). There are exoethnyms like Hippopodes (Short-legged?). The attribution of the a number of the names is purely speculative.	Claudius Ptolemy был географ, астроном и математик 2 в н.э., точные даты не известены, но он работал в Александрии между 127 и 148 гг.н.э. By Билл Тейер: "География" Птолемея была атласом. Птолемей хорошо знал ошибки копирования, его карты впоследствии исчезли, остался только индекс. Птолемей предложил, чтобы люди пересоставляли карты с его данными. Разные люди в разные времена повторно рисовали карты с координатами данными в его работе. Издание в английском переводе без текста оригинала не является академическим, и это грустно, так как я не знаю ни о каком другом Английском переводе. Так или иначе, ясно что это не было сверено, и привносит много ошибок к собственным в традицию и так уж ненадежных рукописей. Для Eвропейской Сарматии, Птолемей вносит в список 41 набор координат, включая 22 города, и 61 названий населения, некоторые из них разновидности того же самого названия. Несколько из наименований населения с готовностью распознаются: Финские: Финны. Литовские/Венедские: Veneds Tюркские: Агациры (Tюрк. Agach-er, люди леса), Alauni (Tюрк. Alani, поле), Aorsi (Avars), Avarini (Avars), Bodini (Tюрк. Budun, люди), Chuni (Huns), Gelones (Tюрк. Gelon, змея), Iazyges (Ases, Jasses), Melanchlaeni (Tюрк. Kara Kalpak), Ossi (Ases, Jasses), Rhoxolani (Tюрк. Uraksy Alani, оседлые Alans), Sargati (Tюрк. Sary-Guzes, белые Guzes), Savari (Tюрк. Su-ar, водные люди), Scyths (Tюрк. Ish-guz, племя Асов/Яссов), Sarmats (Tюрк. Sarma, мешок). Кельтский Bastarns. Кельты: Бастерн/Бастарн, Певкин, Сидон, Омброн, Игиллион, Котин, Анарт, Бритолаг Германо/Скандинавы: Burgiones, Galindae, Свев, Маркоманн, Квад. Множество названий(имен) связано с местоположением: Carpiani, Tanaites, Tansmontani, Tauroscythae (Tюрк. Горные Скифы), Tyrangitae (Тирские Геты?) . Некоторые являются экзоетнонимами подобно Hippopodes (Коротко-ногий?). Аттрибуция множества названий чисто спекулятивная.

Book III, Chapter 5

Location of European Sarmatia
(from the Eighth Map of Europe)

	N	E
western mouth of the Tanais river	66*20	5420
eastern mouth	67*00	5430
Bend of the river	72*30	5600
Source of the river	64*00	5800

Above this the terminus, which I have mentioned, near the unknown land,

the location of terminus is

64*00

6300

Sarmatia is divided by other mountains, which are called

Peuce mountains	51*00	5100
Amadoci mountains	55*00	5100
Bodinus mountains	58*00	5500
Alanus mountains	62*30	5500
Carpathian mountains as we call them	46*00	4830
Venedici mountains	47*30	5500
Ripaei, the middle of which is in	63*00	5730
The part of the Borysthenes river which is near Amodoca lake is in	53*30	5020
The source of the Borysthenes river more toward the north is in	52*00	5300

Of the rivers which are below the Borysthenes

the Tyras separates parts of Dacia and Sarmatia at the bend which is located in	53*00	4830
The island located near the mouth of the Tanais river is Alopecia or Tanais island	66*30	5330

The Axiaces river flows thru Sarmatia not far above Dacia, and from the Carpathian mountains.

the Altars of Alexander	63*00	5700
and the Altars of Caesar	68*00	5630
and on the shore of the river is Tanais town	67*00	5440

The inland towns in the river regions around the Carcinitus river are:

Carcina town	59*30	4845
Torocca town	58*30	4900
Pasyris town	58*30	4910
Ercabum town	58*30	4915
Tracana town	58*30	4945
Navarum town	58*30	5000

Along the Borysthenes river are:

Azagarium town	56*00	5040
Amadoca town	56*00	5030
Sarum town	56*00	5015
Serimum town	57*00	5000
Metropolis town	56*30	4930
Olbia or Borysthenes town	57*00	4900
above the Axiaces river, Ordessus town	57*00	4830

And near the river which flows into the Borysthenes:

Leinum town	54*00	5015
Sarbacum town	55*00	5000
Niossum town	56*00	4940

Above the Tyras river near Dacia:

Carrodunum town	49*30	4840
Maetonium town	51*00	4830
Clepidava town	52*30	4840
Vibantavarium town	53*30	4840
Eractum town	53*50	4840
The island located near the mouth of the Tanais river is Alopecia or Tanais island	66*30	5330

Population

The Greater Venedae races inhabit Sarmatia along the entire Venedicus bay; and above Dacia are the Peucini and the Basternae; and along the entire coast of Maeotis are the Iazyges and the Rhoxolani; more toward the interior from these are the Amaxobii and the Scythian Alani.

Lesser races inhabit Sarmatia near the Vistula river. Below the Venedae are the Gythones, then the Finni, then the Sulones; below whom are the Phrungundiones; then the Avarini near the source of the Vistula river; below these are the Ombrones, then the Anartophracti, then the Burgiones, then the Arsietae, then the Saboci, then the Piengitae and the Biessi near the Carpathian mountains.

Among those we have named to the east: below the Venedae are the Galindae, the Sudini, and the Stavani, extending as far as the Alauni; below these are the Igylliones, then the Coestoboci and the Tansmontani extending as far as the Peuca mountains.

Back from the Ocean, near the Venedicus bay, the Veltae dwell, above whom are the Ossi; then more toward the north the Carbones and toward the east are the Careotae and the Sali; below whom are the Gelones, the Hippopodes and the Melanchlaeni; below these are the Agathyrsi; then the Aorsi and the Pagyritae; then the Savari and the Borusci to the Ripaeos mountains; then the Acibi and the Nasci; below whom are the Vibiones and the Idrae; and below the Vibiones bordering on the Alauni are the Sturni, and between the Alauni and the Amaxobii are the Cariones and the Sargati; near the bend of the Tanis river are the Ophlones and then the Tanaitae; below whom are the Osili extending as far as Rhoxolanis; between the Amaxobii and the Rhoxolani are the Rheucanali and the Exobygitae; and between the Peucini and the Basternae are the Carpiani, above whom are the Gevini, then the Bodini; between the Basternae and the Rhoxolani are the Chuni, and below the mountains named from these are the Amadoci and the Navari.

Near Lake Byce dwell the Toreccadae, and near Achilles Cursus the Tauroscythae; below the Basternae near Dacia are the Tigri and below these are the Tyrangitae.

Alphabetical List of peoples

1		Acibi	17	Cariones	33	Navari.	49	Stavani
2		Agathyrsi	18	Carpiani	34	Ombrones	50	Sturni
3		Alauni	19	Chuni	35	Ophlones	51	Sudini
4		Amadoci	20	Coestoboci	36	Osili	52	Sulones
5		Amaxobii	21	Exobygitae	37	Ossi	53	Tanaitae
6		Anartophracti	22	Finni	38	Pagyritae	54	Tansmontani
7		Aorsi	23	Galindae	39	Peucini	55	Tauroscythae
8		Arsietae	24	Gelones	40	Phrungundiones	56	Tigri
9		Avarini	25	Gevini	41	Piengitae	57	Toreccadae
10		Basternae	26	Gythones	42	Rheucanali	58	Tyrangitae.
11		Biessi	27	Hippopodes	43	Rhoxolani	59	Veltae
12		Bodini	28	Iazyges	44	Saboci	60	Venedae
13		Borusci	29	Idrae	45	Sali	61	Vibiones
14		Burgiones	30	Igylliones	46	Sargati
15		Carbones	31	Melanchlaeni	47	Savari
16		Careotae	32	Nasci	48	Alani Scythian
	Attribution List of peoples

In some cases the attribution is undisputable. In most cases the attribution is based on the known semantical, etymological, and historical data.

Finnish/Ugrian			Türkic		Unattributed
17		Cariones	2	Agathyrsi	1	Acibi
22		Finni	3	Alauni	8	Arsietae
29		Idrae	4	Amadoci	11	Biessi
32		Nasci	5	Amaxobii	13	Borusci
61		Vibiones	7	Aorsi	15	Carbones
Lituanian/Veneds			9	Avarini	25	Gevini
16		Careotae	12	Bodini	26	Gythones
20		Coestoboci	14	Burgiones	27	Hippopodes
23		Galindae	19	Chuni	35	Ophlones
45		Sali	21	Exobygitae	38	Pagyritae
51		Sudini	24	Gelones	41	Piengitae
59		Veltae	27	Hippopodes	44	Saboci
60		Venedae	28	Iazyges	49	Stavani
			31	Melanchlaeni	50	Sturni
German/Scandinav			33	Navari.	52	Sulones
23		Galindae	36	Osili	53	Tanaitae
40		Phrungundiones	37	Ossi	54	Tansmontani
Celtic			42	Rheucanali	58	Tyrangitae.
6		Anartophracti	43	Rhoxolani
10		Basternae	46	Sargati
18		Carpiani	47	Savari
39		Peucini	48	Alani Scythian
30		Igylliones	55	Tauroscythae
34		Ombrones	56	Tigri
			57	Toreccadae
	Footnotes

4 Amadoci - Madoks (Bk. 5 Ch. 8), living with 3 other Türkic peoples: Zakats (Scyth-Saks), Ases (Asiakes), Huns

5 Amaxobii - Sarmats east of Don/Donets

6 Anartophracti - Anart

14 Burgiones = Urgs/Ugrs, of Ugro-Finn group

17 Cariones - Kurs, Kurons, Karels (?), but also could be attributed to Türkic as listed living with 3 other Türkic peoples: Alans, Sarmats-Amaxobies and Sargats

18 Carpiani - listed living with 2 other Celtic peoples: Basternae and Peucini

20 Coestoboci - Dacian "bright", Dacian belonging to Sanskrit, Persian and Baltic/Venedic language group

21 Exobygitae - listed living with 2 other Türkic peoples: Sarmats-Amaxobies and Rhoxolani

42 Rheucanali - Rhoxolani

56 Tigri - Taugurs, Türk. "Mountain Tribe", same as Tauroscythae = "Mountain Scyths"

57 Toreccadae - listed living near Lake Byce and surrounded by Türkic peoples

And More Notes

1 Agathyrsi - the alternate spelling of the endoethnonym "Akač-er" (Oguz Türk. Agach - "Tree", Er - "People", in English we know this word as "Acacia tree"), present the best evidence of their Ogur affiliation. Historically, Akacirs are always next to their Ogur kin: Bulg-ars, Haz-ars, Maj-ars, Mish-ars, Suv-ars, etc.

3 Alauni - it is possible to discern the root "Alan" in other ethnonyms recorded by Ptolemy. With the Oguz initial consonant in front, the "Alan" sounds like Galan, Yalan or Jalan. From this point of view, the Alani group may include the Galindae and Gelones, but for Galindae that contradicts the Ptolemy's counterposition of the " Venedae, Galindae, Sudini, Stavani, extending as far as the Alauni". In the following listing, Ptolemy places the Gelones next to the presumably Türkic Melanchlaeni, and the Türkic Agathyrsi and Aorsi, which would be logical for the Türkic nomadic tribe Gelones .

To the same Alanian ethnic domain belong the Rhoxolani/Rheucanali, whose name incorporates an adjective noun. If Rhox/Rheuc reflects the Türk. Uraxy - "Farmer", then this is an indication that these nomads had a traditional inclination to a combined pastoral and agrarian production, as opposed to the purely pastoral production. But then, they would not have the giant military prowess to make the Roman Empire their tributary. What is clear is that prior to the Gothic invasion, Rhoxolani were the "Royal Scythians", having united multiple peoples into a multi-ethnic confederation under their leadership.

7 Aorsi - it is possible to view the "Aors" as synonyms with "Avars" and "Alans" based on the linguistic correlations.

9 Avarini - Avars, together with Huns, were prominent Europeans at the time of Ptolemy, ca. 100 AD. If they were impacted or displaced by the expansion of the Roman Empire (Avars), or by the invading Goths (possibly were impacted both Avars and Huns, with their dependencies), it is no wonder that they were able to mobilize and venture on the "reconquista" campaign to reposes their country under the leadership of Huns' Khan Muncuk. The Hunnish motherland was known as "Atel-kuzu" (Türk. Ata-El-Kuzu" - "Father-Country-People") well into the 15-th c. AD.

Ptolemy places another group that sounds like Avars, Navari, next to the Huns and surrounds by Türkic Yazigs and Toreccadae.

12 Bodini - the alternate spelling "Budini", ( Türk. "People, folk") is unlikely, as is believed, an endoethnonym, unless it had a connotation "man, men" identical to "Er, Ar, Ir". If it had not, it is more likely an ethnomorphless "People" in a derogatory meaning of the "servants, dependents, contributors, serfs". To exist in the symbiotic balance with the nomadic pastoralists, the Budins must be from a traditionally farming, and relatively settled, society. Alternately, they can be tributaries within the taxing sphere of the nomads. Note that semantically, "Budins" oppose the typical endoethnonyms, like Alans - "Steppe People", As-guz - "As Nation", Akach-ir - "Forest People", Suv-ar - "Water People".

28 Iazyges - the alternate spelling, " Jazyges", (As/Jas Guz, "As People") hints at the initial "d" in the endoethnonym, evidencing its appertaining to the Ogur group of the Türkic languages. Note the Ptolemy's spelling for Aksarmats, "Yaksamats" ( Türk. "White Sarmats"), also hinting that at least the "White" division of the Sarmats was of the Oguric group.

36 Osili - it is possible to discern the root "As" in other ethnonyms recorded by Ptolemy. The root "As" is present in Ish-guz (Gr. Scyth), Osili, Ossi, Acibi (Türk. As-bey, or As-bi, "Noble As"), Iazyges, Arsietae (who lived next to the hypothetically Finno-Ugrian Burgiones = Urgs/Ugrs). As much as the endoethnonym "As" was spread in the Eastern Europe and the Middle East, so was its Ogur counterpart "Jas" spread in the North-Eastern Europe. Not all endoethnonyms can be etymologized nowadays, but one is with us, the Azeri people, are still "As-Er"s, "As-People". They are Oguses, and pronounce it "As", not "Jas" as were the Ogurs.

46 Sargati - Sarguzes (Türk. Sary-Guz - "Yellow Tribe") is composed of the two ever present components of the Türkic endoethnonyms. Just pronounce the "t" as a voiced "th". The adjective "Sary" is light, bright, or yellow, or eastern as opposed to western. "Guz" is a tribe, division, "arrow", a component. Along with the "Kara" - black, western, powerful, lay (as in "lay people"), and "Ak" is for white, superior, noble. These three adjectives were used innumerable times during the millenniums. Ptolemy lists Siracs, "Sary-As", living in the North Caucasus Sarmatia.

38 Three groups have a root "Get" in their ethnonym: Exobygitae, Piengitae, and Tyrangitae. One more, Pagyritae, comes close too. The Piengitae, and Tyrangitae live close to the Dacia, and with a little doubt their endoethnonym can be associated with the surrounding Daco-Geto-Balto-Venedic group. The Exobygitae, in the northern plain of the Meotida, and the Pagyritae east of the Aorses and sandwiched between Melanchlaeni and Zakates, more likely would be the Türkic tribes. The Greek prefix "Exo" (Gr. Exo - "out, outside") leads to read Exobygitae as a group located further of the phanthom Bygitae, confirming that the exoethnonym Exobygitae has a non-Gethic provenance. The root "Pagyr" in the endoethnonym Pagyritae can be read as "Pa-Guz" or "Pag-Ir", consistent with their location in the midst of the Türkic tribes.

44 Two groups have a Dacian root "Boc" in their endoethnonym: Coestoboci and Saboci. The Ptolemy's placement of the Saboci in the vicinity of Dacia is consistent with their conjectural Daco-Geto-Balto-Venedic provenance.

50 Two groups have a Celtic suffix "-ern" in their endoethnonym: Basternae and Sturni. The Ptolemy's placement of the Sturni on the periphery of the Celtic belt is consistent with a notion that they are a Celtic group.

15 Five groups have a Greek suffix "-ion" in in their ethnonym: Cariones, Vibiones, Burgiones, Phrungundiones, and Igylliones. Another six groups potentially have a suffix "-(i)on" in their ethnonym: Carbones, Gelones, Gythones, Ombrones, Ophlones, Sulones. Aside from the ethnonyms whose providence is deduced from other considerations, the remaining Carbones, Gythones, Ophlones, and Sulones have the roots Carb, Gyth, Ophl, Sul. If we read "Gyth" as "Geth", we would expect then to be located close to the other Geto-Dacian-Venedic tribes, and in fact Ptolemy places them next to Veneds. If we read "Sul" as "Sal", we would expect then to be located close to the other "Sal" tribe. Ptolemy locates them next to the Finno-Ugrian Finns and the Venedic Veneds. This line of reasoning brings the topic back to the validity of the initial conjectures. The "Carb" and "Ophl" sound enough Greek to be considered a part of the exoethnonyms.

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Besenyos, Ogur and Oguz Scythians Alans and Ases Kipchaks In Europe

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