http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gallgaedhil/haplo_r1a.htm

http://wanclik.free.fr/15032008tbil.htm

R1a frequency is expressed as percentage of population samples.

[edit] Europe

	N	R1(xR1a1)	R1a1	source
Sorbs	112	-	63.39	Behar et al. (2003)
Hungarian	45	13.3	60.0	Semino et al. (2000)
	113		20.4	Pericic et al. (2005)
Poles	55	16.4	56.4	Semino et al. (2000), Pericic et al. (2005)
Ukrainian	50	2.0	54.0	Semino et al. (2000), Pericic et al. (2005)
Belarusian	306		50.98	Behar et al. (2003)  ?- Pericic et al. (2005)
Russian	122	7.0	47.0	Pericic et al. (2005)
Belarusian	-		46	4
Belarusian	41	10.0	39.0	Pericic et al. (2005)
Ukrainian	-		44	3  ?
Ukrainians, Rashkovo	53		41.5	10  ?
Russian, North	49	0	43	5
Latvian	34	15.0	41.0	Pericic et al. (2005)
Udmurt	43	11.6	37.2	Semino et al. (2000)
Pomor	28	0	36	5
Macedonian	20	10.0	35.0	Semino et al. (2000)
Moldavians, Karahasan	72		34.7	10
Lithuanian	38	6	34	Pericic et al. (2005)
Croatian	58	10.3	29.3	Semino et al. (2000)
UK Orkney	26	65	27	5
Gagauzes, Etulia	41		26.8	10
Czech + Slovakian	45	35.6	26.7	Semino et al. (2000),14
Norwegian	83		26.5	13
Icelander	181	41.4	23.8	Pericic et al. (2005)
Norwegian	87		21.69	Behar et al. (2003)
Moldavians, Sofia	54		20.4	10
Romanians	54		20.4	10 (Buhusi, Piatra-Neamt)
Orcandin	71	66.0	19.7	Pericic et al. (2005)
Swedish (Northern)	48	23.0	19.0	Pericic et al. (2005)
Swedish	110	20.0	17.3	Pericic et al. (2005)
Danish	12	41.7	16.7	Pericic et al. (2005)
Mari	46	0	13.0	Semino et al. (2000)
German	88		12.50	Behar et al. (2003)
German	48	47.9	8.1	Pericic et al. (2005)
Greek	76	27.6	11.8	Semino et al. (2000)
Albanian	51	17.6	9.8	Semino et al. (2000)
Saami	24	8.3	8.3	Semino et al. (2000)
UK Isle of Man	62	15	8	Capelli et al. (2003)
UK Orkney	121	23	7	Capelli et al. (2003)  ?? 7% <> 23% *5
UK	309		~7	13 see references
Georgian	63	14.3	7.9	Semino et al. (2000)
Turkish	30	6.6	6.6	1
UK Shetland	63	17	6	Capelli et al. (2003)
UK Chippenham	51	16	6	Capelli et al. (2003)
UK Cornwall	52	25	6	Capelli et al. (2003)
Dutch	27	70.4	3.7	Semino et al. (2000)
German	16	50.0	6.2	Semino et al. (2000)
Italian central/north	50	62.0	4.0	Semino et al. (2000)
Brithish	~1000		~4	Capelli et al. (2003)
Irish	222	81.5	0.5	Pericic et al. (2005)
Calabrian	37	32.4	0	Semino et al. (2000)
Sardinian	77	22.1		Semino et al. (2000)
Brithish	25	72	0	5
Poles	913			9
Germans	1215			9
Dniester-Carpathian	-		50.06	10
Gagauzes, Kongaz	48		12.5	10

Haplogroup R1a

The fabled haplogroup R1a - or, more precisely, its subclade R1a1 - is said to indicate a "Viking origin"

when it is found among men of British descent. This is the haplogroup that will earn you a "Viking" certificate

from Oxford Ancestors, and its presence was the main focus of the Capelli study "A Y Chromosome

Census of The British Isles".

It is believed to have originated among the Kurgan culture of western Asia, which is often credited

with spreading the Indo-European languages to northwestern Europe. The Kurgans were nomads with a

pastoral economy, and to this day their descendants bear the genetic traces of a dependence on livestock and

animal products. The incidence of milk tolerance among the Swedes, for instance, is among the highest

in the world.

The Scandinavians have long believed that their ancestors originated in Asia. The Icelandic sagas claim

descent for the Jarls of Norway from the warriors of Troy, and the anthropologist Thor Heyerdahl - the author of

the classic "Kon Tiki" - spent his final years attempting to trace the human originals of Wodin and the Aesir

back to Azerbaijan in the Caucasus.  There may be an element of truth to these speculations, since individuals with

R1a haplotypes often score matches with Indians, Siberians, Chinese and other Asians - even when they score no

matches with persons from Europe. The recent discovery of fair-haired mummies in the Takla Makan desert of western

China has revived interest in the long forgotten Indo-Iranian tribe, the Tocharians, their possible role in the economy

of the Silk Road, and their relationship with the people of Europe. Haplogroup R1a is also, implicitly, the "Aryan"

haplogroup, and perhaps the less said about that, the better.

A person who does not belong to haplogroup R1a may, in fact, have a "deep ancestry" in Scandinavia.

R1a accounts for only about 30% of the men of Norway. The various subclades of Haplogroup I account for

about 35%, and even R1b accounts for as much as 28%. Conversely, a person who does belong to R1a does

not necessarily have Scandinavian ancestors - even if his people are from Britain.

Suppose you take three Britons - one whose grandfather was a Pakistani immigrant, another whose grandfather

was a Polish pilot with the RAF, and the third a Scot descended from one of the Hungarian noblemen who

accompanied Margaret Atheling to the court of Malcolm Canmore - and who, perhaps, bears the name

Drummond, Borthwick or Crichton.

All three gentlemen could easily be R1a, but that doesn't make them Vikings.

However, some DNA genealogists have asserted not only that R1a was "Viking", but that only R1a was truly Viking -

and that all the occurrence of R1b in the Norwegian population is due to the importation of Celtic slaves. This is a

curiously Anglo-Centric argument. Vikings took slaves from many foreign lands, and sold most of them to

other foreign lands. Most of the slaves in Norway were, in fact, the descendants of prisoners captured in wars

with other Vikings. Even those foreign slaves who were imported to Norway were more likely to be Slavic

than Celtic, as Slavs comprised the largest number of the slaves the Vikings bought and sold. Slavs had been

common victims of the "peculiar institution" since Roman times.

R1a is, in fact, far more prevalent in Poland and Hungary than in Norway. One could actually mount a

counterargument that it was not R1b, but R1a, whose incidence in Scandinavia was artificially enhanced by slavery.

R1a could also have entered Britain with the Goths, who served with the Roman Army in Britain. Many

Visigoths also settled in France, and some of their descendants accompanied the Normans to England. The De Vaux

family of Dirleton Castle, for instance, came from Normandy. Before that, however, they were reputedly descended

from a Visigothic family that obtained lands in Roman Gaul.

Indo-Iranian nomads like the Alans and the Sarmatians also probably carried R1a, and they found their

way to Britain as well.

Viking DNA Among The Border Reivers

Many of the Border Reiver families are rumored to have Viking origin. That is a reasonable assumption in view of the

fact that Cumbria - the heart of the "Debateable Lands" - offers abundance evidence of Viking settlement, from place

names and Norse dialect, to archaeological finds of Viking artifacts and "hogback" style tombstones. Most of

these Vikings were actually Hiberno-Norse, which means that their forebears had resided in Ireland for generations

and had intermarried with the Irish Gaels. From the start of the wars in Dublin in the early tenth century, up until Brian

Boru finally ejected the Vikings at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, there was a steady stream of refugees to the Isle

of Man, the Wirral (near Chester) and the sparsely populated areas of Galloway and Cumbria.

Penrith, which is in Cumbria, showed the highest proportion of R1a haplotypes of any place tested in England -

about 8 percent, according to the Capelli study. The percentage of R1a in our sample so far is less than half that.

R1a Haplotype #1

Although the majority of the matches here are in Eastern Europe, this haplotype most likely came

to Britain with the Norwegian Vikings.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
14	13	29	25	10	11	13	-	-

Geographical Locale	%
Central Norway	2.08
Lublin, Eastern Poland	1.49
Eastern Hungary [Roma]	1.43
Hamburg, Northern Germany	.88
Gdansk, Northern Poland	.18

R1a Haplotype #2

The highest incidence of this haplotype is in western Russia, which was colonized by those Swedish Vikings

known as the Varangians or the Rus. This haplotype also appears among Croatians, Slovenians, Poles, Hungarians

and Germans. These are the groups that are genetically closest to the Norwegians, according to the paper

"Different Components in The Norwegian Population Revealed by The Analysis of mtDNA 

and Y Chromosome Polymorphisms".

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	13	30	25	10	11	13	12	14

Geographical Locale	%
Novgorod, Western Russia	2.00
Zagreb, Croatia	1.33
Moscow, Western Russia	1.18
Ljubljana, Slovenia	.83
Madrid, Central-East Spain	.68
Bydgoszcz, Northern Poland	.59
Budapest, Hungary	.51
Munster, Westphalia	.51
Warsaw, Central Poland	.42
Taiwan [Han]	.21
Gdansk, Northern Poland	.18
Chemnitz, Saxony	.12

R1a Haplotype #3

The haplotype below is very common for an R1a. Since its highest levels occur among

Norwegians and Swedes, it's clearly of Viking origin.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	13	30	25	10	11	13	11	14

Geographical Locale	%
Louisiana [Hispanic-American]	3.33
Oslo, Norway	3.03
Baranya, Southern Hungary [Romani]	2.56
Vasterbotten, Sweden	2.44
Bulgaria	1.64
Maryland [European-American]	1.56
Cabinda, Angola	1.33
Dusseldorf, Westphalia	1.33
Kiev, Ukraine	1.22
Moscow, Western Russia	1.18
Gdansk, Northern Poland	1.10
Madgeburg, Saxony-Anhalt	1.06
Budapest, Hungary	1.02
Berlin, Brandenburg	.91
Ljubljana, Slovenia	.83
London, England [Asian]	.75
Lublin, Eastern Poland	.74
Zagreb, Croatia	.67
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurrtemberg	.65
Andulacia, Southern Spain	.61
Chemnitz, Saxony	.61
Central Portugal	.54
Rostock, Mecklenburg	.49
Greifswald, Pomerania	.48
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemberg	.46
Tyrol, Western Austria	.44
Warsaw, Central Poland	.42
Munich, Bavaria	.40
Leipzig, Saxony	.15

R1a Haplotype #4

Almost all of the top ten match rates for this haplotype are in Norway, Sweden and the

Baltic coast. Again, this is clearly of Viking origin.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	13	30	25	11	11	13	11	14

Geographical Locale	%
Southern Norway	4.00
Moscow, Western Russia	3,53
Texas [European-American]	2.56
Vilnius, Lithuania	2.55
Ostergotland Jonkoping, Sweden	2.38
Eastern Norway	2.35
Varmland, Sweden	2.35
Central Norway	2.08
Greifswald, Pomerania	1.92
Bydgoszcz, Northern Poland	1.79
Ljubljana, Slovenia	1.65
Graz, Styria	1.54
Dresden, Saxony	1.47
Gdansk, Northern Poland	1.47
Macedonia	1.34
Southern Caucasus [Georgia]	1.30
Bialystock, NE Poland [Byelorussians]	1.27
Kiev, Ukraine	1.22
Budapest, Hungary	1.02
Szeged, Hungary	1.00
Romania	.98
Krakow, Southern Poland	.93
Southern Ireland	.93
Warsaw, Central Poland	.83
Wroclaw, Western Poland	.83
Brussels, Belgium	.80
Tartu, Estonia	.75
Riga, Latvia	.69
Turkey	.63
Tyrol, Western Austria	.44
London, England	.40
Chemnitz, Saxony	.37
Madgeburg, Saxony-Anhalt	.35
Sweden	.25
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemberg	.23
Leipzig, Saxony	.15

R1a Haplotype #5

The top frequencies here are in Norway, with a hit in Greenland and numerous hits in Poland.

Once again, this is clearly a Norse Viking signature.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	13	29	25	11	11	13	11	14

Geographical Locale	%
Central Norway	6.25
Western Norway	1.56
Greenland [Inuit]	1.45
Chiang Mei, Thailand	1.41
Riga, Latvia	1.38
Texas [European-American]	1.28
Cordoba, Argentina	1.00
Krakow, Southern Poland	.93
Panjab, Northern India	.93
Southern Ireland	.93
Hamburg, Northern Germany	.88
Lublin, Eastern Poland	.75
Bialystok, Northeastern Poland	.64
Turkey	.63
Bydgoszcz, Northern Poland	.59

R1a Haplotype #6

Although this haplotype most likely arrived in Britain with the Vikings, its match pattern

suggests a Finnish element.

(According to many, truly Norse R1a often shows affinities with R1b haplotypes

from the Indian subcontinent - hence the matches in Pakistan. The common ancestors of

both groups migrated from Central Asia north to Northern Europe, and south to India.)

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
16	13	30	26	11	11	13	-	-

Geographical Locale	%
Florida [European-American]	4.55
Riga, Latvia	1.38
Parsi, Pakistan	1.11
Sindhi, Pakistan	.82
Tartu, Estonia	.75
Zagreb, Croatia	.67
Vilnius, Lithuania	.64
Turkey	.63
Bydgoszcz, Northern Poland	.59
Munster, Westphalia	.51
London, England [Asian]	.38
Finland	.25
Chemnitz, Saxony	.12

R1a Haplotype #7

This partial haplotype is very rare. The only match that directly suggests a Viking origin

is the one in Gdansk. The other matches are all in Central Europe. This may express the

genetic legacy of the Rugians or the Heruls, who spent centuries wandering through the interior

of Europe before returning to Scandinavia - the Rugians to found Rogaland, the Heruls to

become the Jarls of Uppsala.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
16	14	-	26	11	11	13	-	-

Geographical Locale	%
Budapest, Hungary	.51
Tyrol, Austria	.44
Leipzig, Saxony	.30
Gdansk, Northern Poland	.18

R1a Haplotype #8

This partial haplotype is also very rare. It may have an origin similar to R1a Haplotype #7,

but shows more evidence of eastern wanderings.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
16	14	-	26	10	11	13	-	-

Geographical Locale	%
Burusho, Pakistan	1.06
Budapest, Hungary	.51
London, England [Asian]	.38
Chemnitz, Saxony	.37

R1a Haplotype #9

This partial haplotype exhibits its strongest presence in Sweden, Norway and

Lithuania. There are many hits in Eastern Europe as well. Classic R1a.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
16	14	-	25	11	11	13	-	-

Geographical Locale	%
Varmland, Sweden	4.65
Southern Norway	4.00
Vilnius, Lithuania	2.54
Zagreb, Croatia	2.00
Warsaw, Central Poland	1.25
Transylvania [Szekely]	1.02
Szeged, Hungary	1.00
Tyrol, Western Austria	.87
Wroclaw, Western Poland	.83
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg	.65
Sweden	.49
Sao Paulo, Brazil [Europeans]	.45

R1a Haplotype #10

This partial haplotype does not suggest a Scandinavian origin as strongly as some of the

others on this page. It may have arrived in Britain with the Vikings, or with the Goths

and Sarmatians at Hadrian's Wall, or with Normans of Alanic or Visigothic descent.

It is refreshing to be able to imagine other possibilities.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	14	-	26	10	11	13	-	-

Geographical Locale	%
Baloch, Pakistan	1.69
Moscow, Western Russia	1.18
Krakow, Southern Poland	.93
Mozambique, Southern Africa	.89
London, England [Asian]	.38
Berlin, Brandenburg	.18
Taiwan [Han]	,21

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gallgaedhil/haplo_r1a_two.htm

Haplogroup R1a

The fabled haplogroup R1a - or, more precisely, its subclade R1a1 - is said to indicate a "Viking origin"

when it is found among men of British descent. This is the haplogroup that will earn you a "Viking" certificate

from Oxford Ancestors, and its presence was the main focus of the Capelli study "A Y Chromosome

Census of The British Isles".

It is believed to have originated among the Kurgan culture of western Asia, which is often credited

with spreading the Indo-European languages to northwestern Europe. The Kurgans were nomads with a

pastoral economy, and to this day their descendants bear the genetic traces of a dependence on livestock and

animal products. The incidence of milk tolerance among the Swedes, for instance, is among the highest

in the world.

The Scandinavians have long believed that their ancestors originated in Asia. The Icelandic sagas claim

descent for the Jarls of Norway from the warriors of Troy, and the anthropologist Thor Heyerdahl - the author of

the classic "Kon Tiki" - spent his final years attempting to trace the human originals of Wodin and the Aesir

back to Azerbaijan in the Caucasus.  There may be an element of truth to these speculations, since individuals with

R1a haplotypes often score matches with Indians, Siberians, Chinese and other Asians - even when they score no

matches with persons from Europe. The recent discovery of fair-haired mummies in the Takla Makan desert of western

China has revived interest in the long forgotten Indo-Iranian tribe, the Tocharians, their possible role in the economy

of the Silk Road, and their relationship with the people of Europe. Haplogroup R1a is also, implicitly, the "Aryan"

haplogroup, and perhaps the less said about that, the better.

A person who does not belong to haplogroup R1a may, in fact, have a "deep ancestry" in Scandinavia.

R1a accounts for only about 30% of the men of Norway. The various subclades of Haplogroup I account for

about 35%, and even R1b accounts for as much as 28%. Conversely, a person who does belong to R1a does

not necessarily have Scandinavian ancestors - even if his people are from Britain.

Suppose you take three Britons - one whose grandfather was a Pakistani immigrant, another whose grandfather

was a Polish pilot with the RAF, and the third a Scot descended from one of the Hungarian noblemen who

accompanied Margaret Atheling to the court of Malcolm Canmore - and who, perhaps, bears the name

Drummond, Borthwick or Crichton.

All three gentlemen could easily be R1a, but that doesn't make them Vikings.

However, some DNA genealogists have asserted not only that R1a was "Viking", but that only R1a was truly Viking -

and that all the occurrence of R1b in the Norwegian population is due to the importation of Celtic slaves. This is a

curiously Anglo-Centric argument. Vikings took slaves from many foreign lands, and sold most of them to

other foreign lands. Most of the slaves in Norway were, in fact, the descendants of prisoners captured in wars

with other Vikings. Even those foreign slaves who were imported to Norway were more likely to be Slavic

than Celtic, as Slavs comprised the largest number of the slaves the Vikings bought and sold. Slavs had been

common victims of the "peculiar institution" since Roman times.

R1a is, in fact, far more prevalent in Poland and Hungary than in Norway. One could actually mount a

counterargument that it was not R1b, but R1a, whose incidence in Scandinavia was artificially enhanced by slavery.

R1a could also have entered Britain with the Goths, who served with the Roman Army in Britain. Many

Visigoths also settled in France, and some of their descendants accompanied the Normans to England. The De Vaux

family of Dirleton Castle, for instance, came from Normandy. Before that, however, they were reputedly descended

from a Visigothic family that obtained lands in Roman Gaul.

Indo-Iranian nomads like the Alans and the Sarmatians also probably carried R1a, and they found their

way to Britain as well.

Viking DNA Among The Border Reivers

Many of the Border Reiver families are rumored to have Viking origin. That is a reasonable assumption in view of the

fact that Cumbria - the heart of the "Debateable Lands" - offers abundance evidence of Viking settlement, from place

names and Norse dialect, to archaeological finds of Viking artifacts and "hogback" style tombstones. Most of

these Vikings were actually Hiberno-Norse, which means that their forebears had resided in Ireland for generations

and had intermarried with the Irish Gaels. From the start of the wars in Dublin in the early tenth century, up until Brian

Boru finally ejected the Vikings at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, there was a steady stream of refugees to the Isle

of Man, the Wirral (near Chester) and the sparsely populated areas of Galloway and Cumbria.

Penrith, which is in Cumbria, showed the highest proportion of R1a haplotypes of any place tested in England -

about 8 percent, according to the Capelli study. The percentage of R1a in our sample so far is less than half that.

R1a Haplotype #11

The high frequencies in Greece and Turkey suggest the Black Sea wanderings of the

Goths, Heruls and Rugians - or, possibly, the later military exploits of the Normans in

the Mediterranean. The hit in Brussels also suggests a Norman connection.

This haplotype most likely came to Britain with the Norwegian Vikings or the Normans.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	14	32	24	11	11	13	-	-

Geographical Locale

%

Thessaly, Greece

6.67

Northern Norway

2,22

Central Anatolia, Turkey

.91

Brussels, Belgium

.80

Gdansk, Northern Poland

.37

Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt

.35

R1a Haplotype #12

Among the top five frequencies, Oslo comes in second and Groningen (part of Frisia)

comes in third. Both suggest a Scandinavian origin.  The hit in the Caucasus most likely

reflects the ancestral origin of the haplotype, and the top frequency - among Gypsies in

Hungary - may reflect either the pre-Viking period wanderings of the Rugians in

southeastern Europe or the "Indian" ancestry of the Romani.

Additional hits in Greenland, Finland, Sweden, along the Baltic coast of Germany

and among Byelorussians also support an origin in Scandinavia or Eastern Europe.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	13	31	25	10	11	13	11	14

Geographical Locale

%

Baranya, Hungary [Romani]

5.12

Oslo, Norway

3.03

Groningen, Northern Netherlands

2.08

Caucasus {Kabardinian]

1.72

Munster, Westphalia

1.53

Pennsylvania [European-American]

1.49

Greenland [Inuit]

1.45

Panjab, India

.93

Bialystok, Poland [Byelorussians]

.64

Central Portugal

.54

Budapest, Hungary

.51

Rostock, Mecklenburg

.49

Tyrol, Western Austria

.44

London, England [Asian]

.38

Finland

.25

Sweden

.25

Berlin, Brandenburg

.18

R1a Haplotype #13

This haplotype is fairly typical R1a, in that it includes high frequencies in Southern

Asia and Eastern Europe. Among the highest European frequencies, however, four

out of the top five fall in areas of the Baltic that saw considerable Viking settlement.

Therefore, it is safe to conclude that this haplotype entered Britain with the Vikings.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
16	-	-	26	11	11	13	-	-

Geographical Locale

%

Florida [European-American]

4.55

Tartu, Estonia

3.76

Pakistan [Makrani Negroid]

3.03

Pakistan [Parsi]

2.22

Riga, Latvia

2.07

Graz, Austria

1.54

Byelorussia

1.45

Maryland [African-American]

1.37

Vilnius, Lithuania

1.27

Tehran, Iran

1.25

Damascus, Syria

1.00

Athens, Greece

.99

Krakow, Poland

.93

Panjab, India

.93

Ljubljana, Slovenia

.83

Veneto, Italy

.83

Pakistan [Sindhi]

.82

London, England [Asian]

.76

Zagreb, Croatia

.67

Turkey

.63

Bydgoszcz, Poland

.59

Budapest, Hungary

.51

Munster, Westphalia

.51

Tyrol, Austria

.44

Munich, Bavaria

.40

Gdansk, Poland

.37

Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt

.35

Leipzig, Saxony

.30

Finland

.25

Berlin, Brandenburg

.18

Chemnitz, Saxony

.12

R1a Haplotype #14

The haplotype below is very rare, and appears to have a Baltic origin. It most likely

came to Britain with the Norse Vikings.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	14	-	25	11	12	13	-	-

Geographical Locale

%

Pakistan [Sindhi]

.82

Bydgoszcz, Northern Poland

.59

Gdansk, Northern Poland

.18

Chemnitz, Saxony

.12

R1a Haplotype #15

The haplotype below shows its highest frequencies in Southern Norway and in multiple locations

in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is, of course, possible that this haplotype was spread by Norman

activity in the Eastern Mediterranean, but its presence here probably dates from an earlier period.

This haplotype may have originated ancestrally among the Indo-Iranian tribes of

Western Asia, and spread southeast to the Indian subcontinent, west to Anatolia, and northwest

to the plains of Eastern Europe. From Eastern Europe, it may have migrated north to

Scandinavia in prehistoric times, or was absorbed by Heruls, Rugians or Goths during

their wanderings in the Balkans, the Ukraine and around the Black Sea.

It most likely came to Britain with the Vikings, but it just as easily might have

come with Roman troops or settlers.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	12	-	24	11	11	13	-	-

Geographical Locale

%

Epirus, Greece

7.14

Southern Norway

4.00

Virginia [Hispanic-American]

2.17

Adana, Turkey

1.10

Damascus, Syria

1.00

Athens, Greece

.99

Krakow, Poland

.93

Lausanne, Switzerland

.93

Panjab, India

.93

Chiang Mai, Thailand

.89

Pakistan [Sindhi]

.82

R1a Haplotype #16

Of the ten highest frequencies for the haplotype below, all but three fall in

Eastern Europe. This haplotype is relatively common among Hungarian Jews,

Bulgarian gypsies, who may ultimately be of Indian origin, and in the Caucasus.

Most of the other areas where it is common in Eastern Europe were subject to

Fenno-Scandinavian colonization, such as Latvia, Lithuania, Moscow and

Kiev. It is also relatively common in Norway - and appears at lower

levels in Sweden and Finland.

Some have speculated that Scandinavian R1a has a different geographical

pattern from Slavic R1a, in that the former has matches in India and the

Caucasus while the latter is confined to Eastern Europe. The match

pattern for this haplotype bears a strong bias towards the latter.

Nonetheless, it most likely came to Britain with the Vikings.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	13	29	25	10	11	13	11	14

Geographical Locale

%

Budapest, Hungary [Ashkenazi Jews]

2.70

Vilnius, Lithuania

2.55

Moscow, Russia

2.35

Caucasus [Kabardinian]

1.72

Warsaw, Poland

1.67

Kiev, Ukraine

1.64

Graz, Austria

1.54

Riga, Latvia

1.38

Bulgaria [Romani]

1.23

Eastern Norway

1.18

Leipzig, Saxony

1.06

Szeged, Hungary

1.00

Gdansk, Poland

.92

Wroclaw, Poland

.83

Bulgaria

.82

Munich, Bavaria

.80

Bialystok, Poland [Old Believers]

.78

Tartu, Estonia

.75

Cologne, Westphalia

.74

Berlin, Brandenburg

.73

Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt

.71

Bogota, Colombia [European]

.68

Dusseldorf, Westphalia

.67

Bialystok, Poland [Byelorussians]

.64

Bydgoszcz, Poland

.63

Andulacia, Spain

.61

Chemnitz, Saxony

.49

Rostock, Mecklenburg

.49

Greifswald, Pomerania

.48

Finland

.25

Sweden

.25

Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg

.22

R1a Haplotype #17

The highest European frequencies for the haplotype below fall in Russia and Romania.

Russian and Eastern European matches appear to predominate throughout - with a few

exceptions, such as Sweden, Lombardy, Pakistan and the Kurds of Iraq.

This haplotype most likely came to Britain with Norse Vikings or the Normans.

The Scandinavian element involved was most likely Swedish rather than Norwegian.

An alternative origin among Roman troops of Gothic, Herulian or Sarmatian descent

is always possible as well.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
17	13	29	-	11	11	13	-	-

Geographical Locale

%

Pakistan [Kalash]

6.82

Novgorod, Russia

2.00

Byelorussia

1.45

Miecurea Ciuc, Romania [Szekely]

1.10

Romania

.98

Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate

.96

Ljubljana, Slovenia

.82

Kurds, Iraq

.79

Riga, Latvia

.69

Wladiwostok, Russia [European]

.68

Bialystok, Poland [Byelorussians]

.64

Bialystok, Poland

.55

Gdansk, Poland

.55

Kiev, Ukraine

.55

Lombardy, Italy

.55

Budapest, Hungary

.52

Sweden

.49

Warsaw, Poland

.42

R1a Haplotype #18

The match pattern for the haplotype below suggests that it occurs most commonly among Slavic groups, and

perhaps also among the Ashkenazim. There are no matches in Scandinavia, although there are matches near

the Baltic, as well as among ethnic Indians in Singapore - both areas where R1a haplotypes show an affinity with

Scandinavia. This haplotype most likely came to Britain with Norse Vikings, but we cannot rule out the possibility

that it might also have arrived with Roman troops of Eastern European origin, such as Thracians, Dacians,

Dalmatians and Sarmatians.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
17	13	30	25	11	11	13	11	14

Geographical Locale

%

Warsaw, Poland

1.67

Leiden, Netherlands

1.04

Cordoba, Argentina

1.00

Romania

.98

Wladiwostok, Russia [European]

.68

Zagreb, Croatia

.67

Berlin, Brandenburg

.55

Gdansk, Poland

.55

Kiev, Ukraine

.55

Singapore [Indian]

.55

Chemnitz, Saxony

.24

Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg

.23

R1a Haplotype #19

Four of the top five European match frequencies fall in Sweden and Norway - principally Norway. This haplotype

almost certainly came to Britain with Norse Vikings. Common to most R1a, there are also matches in South Asian

and Eastern European samples. Most of the Eastern European samples are circum-Baltic or Ukrainian, so a Viking

origin is just as likely among these matches as a Slavic one. Interestingly, there are also a few matches in Goth

territory, such as Macedonia and Spain.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	14	31	25	11	11	13	11	14

Geographical Locale

%

Lousiana [European-American]

3.23

Gotland, Sweden

2.44

Northern Norway

2.22

Central Norway

2.08

England-Wales [Indo-Pakistani]

1.89

Eastern Norway

1.18

Birmingham, England

1.03

Macedonia

.67

Madrid, Spain

.66

Vilnius, Lithuania

.64

Bydgoszcz, Poland

.59

Bialystok, Poland

.55

Kiev, Ukraine

.55

Lombardy, Italy

.55

Budapest, Hungary

.52

Sweden

.49

Berlin, Brandenburg

.28

Finland

.25

Leipzig, Saxony

.15

R1a Haplotype #20

This haplotype is extremely widespread, and its match pattern includes the "usual suspects" for R1a populations -

Scandinavians, Balts, Slavs, Southern and Central Asians. Top fifteen match frequencies include two samples of

North Indian Jats, one sample from the Caucasus, one each from Russia, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Slovenia and

the Ukraine, two from Greece, one from Sweden and two from Norway.

The rule of thumb for R1a found in North Britain is to assume a Norse Viking origin. However, it is interesting to

note that, of the top five match frequencies, two may fall among samples that may ultimately be of Circassian or Scythian

origin - the Abkhazians and the Jats - and one each is from Russia and Greece, where Scythians, Sarmatians and other

steppe nomads had a presence for centuries.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
16	13	30	25	11	11	13	11	14

Geographical Locale

%

Caucasus [Abkhazian]

8.33

Panjab, India [Jat Sikhs]

7.41

Moscow, Russia

7.05

Chios, Greece

6.25

Central Norway

4.17

Vilnius, Lithuania

3.82

Oslo, Norway

3.33

Manchuria, China

3.13

Crete, Greece

25.00

Ljubljana, Slovenia

2.48

Bialystok, Poland [Old Believers]

2.33

Varmland, Sweden

2.33

Tartu, Estonia

2.26

Panjab, India [Jat Haryana]

2.20

Kiev, Ukraine

2.19

Wladiwostok, Russia [European]

2.03

Macedonia

2.01

England-Wales [Indo-Pakistani]

1.89

Wroclaw, Poland

1.65

London, England [Indo-Pakistani]

1.60

Munich, Bavaria

1.59

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [European]

1.59

Western Norway

1.56

Graz, Austria

1.54

Caucasus [Georgian]

1.30

Bialystok, Poland [Byelorussians]

1.27

Turkey

1.27

Bulgaria [Romani]

1.23

Bialystok, Poland

1.10

Miercurea Ciuc, Romania [Szekely]

1.10

Budapest, Hungary

1.03

Rostock, Mecklenburg

.98

Krakow, Poland

.93

Paris, France

.92

Gdansk, Poland

.88

Warsaw, Poland

.83

Zaragoza, Spain

.83

Kurds, Iraq

.79

Leipzig, Saxony

.76

Lublin, Poland

.75

Riga, Latvia

.69

Dusseldorf, Westphalia

.67

New York City [European-American]

.65

Bydgoszcz, Poland

.59

Finland

.50

Sweden

.49

Greifswald, Pomerania

.48

Luzon, Phillipines

.47

Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg

.46

Latium, Italy

.45

Berlin, Brandenburg

.36

Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt

.35

Malaysia [Indian]

.34

Chemnitz, Saxony

.12

R1a Haplotype #21

This haplotype is widespread, but is clearly most common in Eastern Europe, particularly Russia and Poland.

The conventional interpretation is to attribute any R1a haplotype found in a person of British descent to the Norse

Vikings, but this geographical match pattern - at least in theory - could support an ancestry among the Alans or

the Sarmatians.

However, far more Danes and Norwegians are likely to have settled in Britain than Alans or

Sarmatians, so our final vote must go to the Scandinavians.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
16	13	29	25	11	11	13	11	14

Geographical Locale

%

Caucasus [Abkhazian]

8.33

Bialystok, Poland [Old Believers]

3.10

Friesland, Netherlands

2.27

Riga, Latvia

2.07

Wladiwostok, Russia [European]

2.02

Pennsylvania [European-American]

1.49

Moscow, Russia

1.18

Bialystok, Poland

1.10

Miercurea Ciuc, Romania [Szekely]

1.10

Kiev, Ukraine

1.09

Szeged, Hungary

1.00

Athens, Greece

.99

Sweden

.99

Gdansk, Poland

.92

Bulgaria

.82

Tartu, Estonia

.75

Bydgoszcz, Poland

.60

Krakow, Poland

.48

Wroclaw, Poland

.45

Cologne, Westphalia

.43

Warsaw, Poland

.42

Lublin, Poland

.41

Berlin, Brandenburg

.36

Chemnitz, Saxony

.12

Leipzig, Saxony

.12

R1a Haplotype #22

The match pattern for this haplotype falls exclusively in Russia, Poland and Germany, and appears to have a Baltic focus.

It most likely came to Britain with the Vikings.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
16	13	29	25	10	11	14	11	14

Geographical Locale

%

Novgorod, Russia

2.00

Bialystok, Poland [Byelorussians]

1.27

Bialystok, Poland [Old Believers]

.78

Muenster, Germany

.51

Krakow, Poland

.48

Warsaw, Poland

.42

Munich, Germany

.36

Bydgoszcz, Poland

.24

Gdansk, Poland

.18

R1a Haplotype #23

This haplotype is rare, but three of the four matches fall in Poland and Northeast Germany. The focus is once again

on the Baltic. This haplotype also most likely came to Britain with the Vikings. It would be tempting to suggest that

the Turkish match is a legacy of the Varangian Guard, but it is more likely due to the Indo-Iranian ancestry of the

Kurds, who compose a large portion of the Turkish population.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	13	30	25	11	11	13	11	13

Geographical Locale

%

Bialystok, Poland [Old Believers]

.78

Turkey

.63

Berlin, Germany

.18

Chemnitz, Germany

.12

R1a Haplotype #24

The haplotype below exhibits its highest match frequencies in Norway and Northeastern Europe, with a strong focus

on the Baltic region (e.g., Russia, Latvia, Poland, Northeast Germany). It most likely came to Britain with the Norse Vikings.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	13	30	25	10	11	13	11	15

Geographical Locale

%

Oslo, Norway

3.03

Novgorod, Russia

2.00

Szczecin, Poland

.95

Riga, Latvia

.69

Dusseldorf, Germany

.67

New York City [European-American]

.65

Bydgoszcz, Poland

.49

Magdeburg, Germany

.35

Chemnitz, Germany

.12

R1a Haplotype #25

The haplotype below exhibits a large number of hits in parts of Saxony (e.g., Dresden, Chemnitz, Magdeburg, Leipzig

and Hamburg), as well as some in Poland, and one each in France and England. The high German match frequencies

are unusual for an R1a haplotype, and suggest an Anglo-Danish origin.

We would do well to remember that the Angles, and the Jutes in particular, originated from what is now known as

Denmark. Eastern Germanic tribes like the Suevi mixed with the Saxons. Roman auxiliaries from all over Germany

also served in Britain, and may have included members of such Baltic tribes as the Goths, the Heruls and the Rugians.

It is unrealistic to insist that all R1a in pre-Norman Britain would have been of exclusively Norwegian origin.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
16	13	29	26	10	11	13	11	14

Geographical Locale

%

Dresden, Germany

2.33

Virginia [European-American]

1.64

Suwalki, Poland

1.22

Chemnitz, Germany

1.10

Warsaw, Poland

.83

Lyon, France

.80

Central Bohemia, Czechia

.79

Hamburg, Germany

.73

Leipzig, Germany

.73

Greifswald, Germany

.62

Wroclaw, Poland

.45

London, England

.35

Magdeburg, Germany

.35

Bydgoszcz, Poland

.35

Freiburg, Germany

.23

Gdansk, Poland

.18

R1a Haplotype #26

Most of the matches for the haplotype below fall among Pakistani or Indian populations, with some additional hits

in the Baltic region. The second highest frequency falls in Latvia. Since Scandinavian R1a typically scores high match

frequencies among South Asians, this haplotype most likely came to Britain with the Norse Vikings.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	14	-	24	10	11	13	11	14

Geographical Locale

%

London, England [Indo-Pakistani]

1.60

Riga, Latvia

1.38

Panjab, India [Jat Haryana]

1.10

Singapore [Indian]

1.10

Reunion Island [Malbar]

.97

Panjab, India [Jat Sikhs]

.93

Southern India

.82

Malaysia [Indian]

.63

Wroclaw, Poland

.45

Leipzig, Germany

.25

Bhutan

.12

Chemnitz. Germany

.12

R1a Haplotype #27

The highest match frequency in the old world falls in Sweden, followed by additional matches in Croatia, the

Czech Republic, and Indo-Pakistani samples. This haplotype is most likely of Norse Viking origin, but could

conceivably have come to Britain with Gothic or Sarmatian troops.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	14	-	25	10	11	13	11	15

Geographical Locale

%

Oregon, USA [European]

2.86

Gotland, Sweden

2.44

Zagreb, Croatia

.67

Central Bohemia, Czechia

.40

London, England [Indo-Pakistani]

.40

Malaysia [Indian]

.32

R1a Haplotype #28

This R1a variant is found in Sweden and England exclusively, which unambiguously indicates a Norse Viking

or Danish origin.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
16	12	30	25	10	11	13	11	14

Geographical Locale

%

Blekinge, Sweden

2.48

London, England

.35

Sweden

.25

R1a Haplotype #29

The match pattern for the haplotype below exhibits its highest frequencies in Eastern Europe, and could easily

be of Slavic origin. However, the preponderance of matches fall in areas of Eastern Europe that front the Baltic,

areas once controlled by the Varangian "Rus", and among Indo-Pakistani samples, whose association with

Scandinavian R1a is well-known. Hence, we suspect this haplotype probably came to Britain with the Vikings.

Nevertheless, the high frequencies in the Balkans could indicate an Indo-Iranian origin - e.g., among the Alans

and Sarmatians. The Indo-Iranians settled in many of the Northern Slavic nations as well - and in Northern

India. The bottom line is that this R1a haplotype isn't necessarily of Viking origin.

19	389i	389ii	390	391	392	393	385a	385b
15	14	30	25	10	11	13	11	14

Geographical Locale

%

Macedonia, Greece

3.57

Moscow, Russia

1.18

Corund, Romania [Szekely]

1.02

England-Wales [Indo-Pakistani]

.94

Bialystok, Poland [Old Believers]

.78

Bogota, Colombia [European]

.68

New York City [European-American]

.65

Singapore [Indian]

.55

Muenster, Germany

.51

Kiev, Ukraine

.41

London, England [Indo-Pakistani]

.40

Gdansk, Poland

.18

Leipzig, Germany

.12

[edit] Origins

European LGM refuges, 20 kya.

The Ukrainian origin of R1a has been independently corroborated by multiple lines of inquiry, including principal component analysis, microsatellite variation, and frequency distribution.

The distribution of R1a resembles the third principal component of variation of classical gene frequencies, whose center of diffusion lies north of the Black and Caspian Seas, which has been attributed to the Kurgan expansion.^[5]

The greater the microsatellite diversity of a haplotype at a particular geographic location, the closer that location is to that haplotype's likely geographic point of origin. In the case of R1a, Semino et al. (2000), Passarino et al. (2001) and Wells (2002) all agree that the highest level of microsatellite diversity is found in Ukraine.

Spencer Wells, director of the Genographic Project at the National Geographic Society, identifies southern Russia/Ukraine as the likely origin of R1a (as identified by genetic marker M17) on the basis of both microsatellite diversity and frequency distribution.

Microsatellite diversity is greatest in southern Russia and Ukraine, suggesting that it arose there.^[1]

The current distribution of the M17 haplotype is likely to represent traces of an ancient population migration originating in southern Russia/Ukraine, where M17 is found at high frequency(>50%).^[3]

Pericic et al. (2005) have suggested three possible scenarios explaining the distribution of R1a:

At least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the region: early post-LGM recolonizations expanding from the refugium in Ukraine, migrations from northern Pontic steppe between 3000 and 1000 B.C., as well as possibly massive Slavic migration from A.D. 5th to 7th centuries.

Passarino et al. (2002) support the first possibility, that R1a expanded from the area of the Dniepr-Don Valley in Ukraine between 13 000 and 7600 years ago, after the Last Glacial Maximum receded.

Wells et al. (2001) support the second, associating the spread of R1a with the expansion of the Kurgan people around 3,000 B.C., which may have been driven by the domestication of the horse, which also took place in southern Russia/Ukraine at about the same time:

The current distribution of the M17 haplotype is likely to represent traces of an ancient population migration originating in southern Russia/Ukraine, where M17 is found at high frequency(>50%). It is possible that the domestication of the horse in this region around 3,000 B.C. may have driven the migration. The distribution and age of M17 in Europe and Central/Southern Asia is consistent with the inferred movements of these people, who left a clear pattern of archaeological remains known as the Kurgan culture, and are thought to have spoken an early Indo-European language. The decrease in frequency eastward across Siberia to the Altai-Sayan mountains (represented by the Tuvinian population) and Mongolia, and southward into India, overlaps exactly with the inferred migrations of the Indo-Iranians during the period 3,000 to 1,000 B.C.

Semino et al. (2000) propose a synthesis of these two explanations, suggesting that the spread of R1a from a point of origin in Ukraine following the Last Glacial Maximum was magnified by the subsequent expansion of the Kurgan people.

One important observation that has been made about the frequently occurring subgroup R1a1 is that it appears to be very recently introduced in both the western and eastern extremes of its distribution: all the Haplogroup R1a1 Y-chromosomes found among the Czechs of Central Europe and the Khoton people of Mongolia coalesce to a common patrilineal ancestor who should have lived well within the bounds of the Neolithic, and possibly even within the bounds of historical time. The R1a1 component of the Y-chromosome diversity among the Czechs suggests a rapid demographic expansion beginning about 60 to 80 generations ago, which would equate to about 1500 years ago (approx. 500 AD) to 2000 years ago (approx. 1 AD) with a generation time of 25 years.

Kivisild et al. (2003) "suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup":

Given the geographic spread and STR diversities of sister clades R1 and R2, the latter of which is restricted to India, Pakistan, Iran, and southern central Asia, it is possible that southern and western Asia were the source for R1 and R1a differentiation.

However, the highest levels of R1 are found in Europe, where frequencies of 70% or more found in populations from Ireland,^[5] Spain,^[2] and the Netherlands,^[2] and where, according to the Genographic Project conducted by the National Geographic Society,^[6] R1 originated on the Iberian Peninsula where, as in Ukraine, there was an LGM refuge from which R1 spread. R1b is, if anything, even more concentrated in Europe than R1.^[5]

[edit] Distribution Overview

Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red), after McDonald (2005). See also this map for distribution in Europe.

R1a is "present at high frequency (40 per cent plus) from the Czech Republic across to the Altai Mountains in Siberia and south throughout Central Asia."^[1] To the east, this gene found its way as far as Eastern Siberia, with considerable concentrations in Kamchatka and Chukotka, and it is possible that the gene even entered the Americas by this route.^[7]

The modern population of Ukraine has the highest level of diversity of the gene making it the likeliest location of its origin.^[2][8][1] this map^[9] Even in South Eastern Europe (not a major concentration of R1a1) microsatellite networks of major Y chromosomal lineages show high diveristy of R1a1 (graph C)^[9]. The variance cluster in South Eastern Europe (SEE) is located in the Republic of Macedonia.

[edit] Europe

In Europe, R1a is found primarily in the eastern part of the continent, with the highest frequencies among the Sorbs (63.39%),^[10] Hungarians (60.0%),^[2] Poles (56.4%),^[2] and Ukrainians (54.0%).^[2] The two main directional components of the spread are consistent with an East to West migration as well as a radial spread from the Balkans.^{[citation needed]}

Pericic et al. (2005) suggest three possible explanations for the distribution of R1a variation:

At least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the region: early post-LGM recolonizations expanding from the refugium in Ukraine, migrations from northern Pontic steppe between 3000 and 1000 B.C., as well as possibly massive Slavic migration from A.D. 5th to 7th centuries.

The last possibility is less probable, the distribution of Paleolithic pattern depth is unexplained by massive people flow. Genetic data support autochtonic school of Slovian historiography.

R1a1 carrying Vikings settled in Britain and Ireland,^[4] which accounts for the presence of the haplogroup on those islands.^[11][12]

[edit] Central Asia

Exceptionally high frequencies of M17 are found among the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Khojant (64%), and the Kyrgyz (63%), but are likely "due to drift, as these populations are less diverse, and are characterized by relatively small numbers of individuals living in isolated mountain valleys."^[3] (The frequency of the Tajik/Dushanbe population is, at 19%, far lower than the 64% frequency of the Tajik/Khojant population.)^[3].

The gene has proven to be a "diagnostic Indo-Iranian marker," and "is likely to represent traces of an ancient population migration originating in southern Russia/Ukraine," where it may have been driven by the domestication of the horse around 3,000 B.C.; its distribution and age are "consistent with the inferred movements of these people, who left a clear pattern of archaeological remains known as the Kurgan culture, and are thought to have spoken an early Indo-European language".^[3]

The frequency of R1a1 in western Iran, as in the Middle East, is only 5% to 10%, but in eastern Iran, the frequency of R1a1 is around 35%.^[13] Wells et al. (2001) suggest that the deserts of central Iran acted as "significant barriers to gene flow," and propose two possibilities:

Intriguingly, the population of present-day Iran, speaking a major Indo-European language (Farsi), appears to have had little genetic influence from the M17-carrying Indo-Iranians. It is possible that the pre-Indo-European population of Iran— effectively an eastern extension of the great civilizations of Mesopotamia—may have reached sufficient population densities to have swamped any genetic contribution from a small number of immigrating Indo-Iranians. If so, this may have been a case of language replacement through the ‘‘elite-dominance’’ model. Alternatively, an Indo-Iranian language may have been the lingua franca of the steppe nomads and the surrounding settled populations, facilitating communication between the two. Over time, this language could have become the predominant language in Persia, reinforced and standardized by rulers such as Cyrus the Great and Darius in the mid-first millennium B.C. Whichever model is correct, the Iranians sampled here (from the western part of the country) appear to be more similar genetically to Afro-Asiatic-speaking Middle Eastern populations than they are to Central Asians or Indians.

[edit] India

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008)

Further information: Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia: R1a1 and R2

Spencer Wells, director of the Genographic Project at the National Geographic Society, on M17, the genetic marker for R1a1:

M17 shows that there was a massive genetic influx into India from the steppes within the past 10,000 years. Taken with the archaeological data, we can say that the old hypothesis of an invasion of people – not merely their language – from the steppe appears to be true.^[1]

The northern migration theory is also supported by the dating of the haplogroup (Wells et al 2003).

Bamshad et al. (2001) observe a correlation between caste rank and genetic similarity to Europeans, which corroborates the Indo-Aryan migration into India:

For paternally inherited Y-chromosome variation each caste is more similar to Europeans than to Asians. Moreover, the affinity to Europeans is proportionate to caste rank, the upper castes being most similar to Europeans, particularly East Europeans. [...] Analysis of these data demonstrated that the upper castes have a higher affinity to Europeans than to Asians, and the upper castes are significantly more similar to Europeans than are the lower castes. Collectively, all five datasets show a trend toward upper castes being more similar to Europeans, whereas lower castes are more similar to Asians.

Based on their examination of R1a1 in South Indian tribals and Dravidian population groups Saha et al. (2005) questioned the concept of its Indo-Iranian origin. Sengupta et al. (2005) claim R1a's diverse presence including even Indian tribal and lower castes (the so-called untouchables) and populations not part of the caste system. From the diversity and distinctiveness of microsatellite Y-STR variation they conclude that there must have been an independent R1a1 population in India dating back to a much earlier expansion than the Indo-Aryan migration.

Sengupta et al. (2005) claim that the pattern of clustering does not support the model that the primary source of the R1a1-M17 chromosomes in India was Central Asia or the Indus Valley via Indo-European speakers.

Exceptionally high frequencies are also found in chamars, saharia (lowest of lowest untouchable populations ~ 35 millions strong) of North India while the high castes like Brahmin and Rajput are much lower frequencies of this haplotype.

The widespread distribution and high frequency across Eurasia and Central Asia of R1a1* as well as scanty representation of its ancestral (R*, R1* and R1a*) and derived lineages across the region has kept the origin of this haplogroup unresolved. The analyses of a pooled dataset of 530 Indians, 224 Pakistanis and 276 Central Asians and Eurasians,bearing R1a1* haplogroup resolved the controversy of origin of R1a1*. The conclusion was drawn on the basis of: i) presence of this haplogroup in many of the low caste populations such as, Saharia (present study) and Chenchu tribe in high frequency, ii) the highest ever reported presence of R1a* (ancestral haplogroup of R1a1*) in low caste Saharia tribe, and iii) associated averaged phylogenetic ages of R1a* (~18,478 years) and R1a1* (~13,768 years) in India. The study supported the autochthonous origin of R1a1 lineage and a tribal link to Indian Brahmins. Quite intriguingly, the Brahmins and Rajputs (two high castes) have much lower frequency of R1a1 than untouchables castes and the haplotype that separates the highest Brahmin caste from untouchable caste is j2 with the untouchables possessing r1a1 `60%

[edit] Frequency distribution

Main article: Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups

R1a frequency is expressed as percentage of population samples.

[edit] Europe

	N	R1(xR1a1)	R1a1	source
Sorbs	112	-	63.39	Behar et al. (2003)
Hungarian	45	13.3	60.0	Semino et al. (2000)
	113		20.4	Pericic et al. (2005)
Poles	55	16.4	56.4	Semino et al. (2000), Pericic et al. (2005)
Ukrainian	50	2.0	54.0	Semino et al. (2000), Pericic et al. (2005)
Belarusian	306		50.98	Behar et al. (2003)  ?- Pericic et al. (2005)
Russian	122	7.0	47.0	Pericic et al. (2005)
Belarusian	-		46	4
Belarusian	41	10.0	39.0	Pericic et al. (2005)
Ukrainian	-		44	3  ?
Ukrainians, Rashkovo	53		41.5	10  ?
Russian, North	49	0	43	5
Latvian	34	15.0	41.0	Pericic et al. (2005)
Udmurt	43	11.6	37.2	Semino et al. (2000)
Pomor	28	0	36	5
Macedonian	20	10.0	35.0	Semino et al. (2000)
Moldavians, Karahasan	72		34.7	10
Lithuanian	38	6	34	Pericic et al. (2005)
Croatian	58	10.3	29.3	Semino et al. (2000)
UK Orkney	26	65	27	5
Gagauzes, Etulia	41		26.8	10
Czech + Slovakian	45	35.6	26.7	Semino et al. (2000),14
Norwegian	83		26.5	13
Icelander	181	41.4	23.8	Pericic et al. (2005)
Norwegian	87		21.69	Behar et al. (2003)
Moldavians, Sofia	54		20.4	10
Romanians	54		20.4	10 (Buhusi, Piatra-Neamt)
Orcandin	71	66.0	19.7	Pericic et al. (2005)
Swedish (Northern)	48	23.0	19.0	Pericic et al. (2005)
Swedish	110	20.0	17.3	Pericic et al. (2005)
Danish	12	41.7	16.7	Pericic et al. (2005)
Mari	46	0	13.0	Semino et al. (2000)
German	88		12.50	Behar et al. (2003)
German	48	47.9	8.1	Pericic et al. (2005)
Greek	76	27.6	11.8	Semino et al. (2000)
Albanian	51	17.6	9.8	Semino et al. (2000)
Saami	24	8.3	8.3	Semino et al. (2000)
UK Isle of Man	62	15	8	Capelli et al. (2003)
UK Orkney	121	23	7	Capelli et al. (2003)  ?? 7% <> 23% *5
UK	309		~7	13 see references
Georgian	63	14.3	7.9	Semino et al. (2000)
Turkish	30	6.6	6.6	1
UK Shetland	63	17	6	Capelli et al. (2003)
UK Chippenham	51	16	6	Capelli et al. (2003)
UK Cornwall	52	25	6	Capelli et al. (2003)
Dutch	27	70.4	3.7	Semino et al. (2000)
German	16	50.0	6.2	Semino et al. (2000)
Italian central/north	50	62.0	4.0	Semino et al. (2000)
Brithish	~1000		~4	Capelli et al. (2003)
Irish	222	81.5	0.5	Pericic et al. (2005)
Calabrian	37	32.4	0	Semino et al. (2000)
Sardinian	77	22.1		Semino et al. (2000)
Brithish	25	72	0	5
Poles	913			9
Germans	1215			9
Dniester-Carpathian	-		50.06	10
Gagauzes, Kongaz	48		12.5	10

empty or - = no data in sample.
? = datasets differences, [?-x]:= ^x=# source

1 Semino et al. (2000)

2 http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Levite%20paper.pdf

3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r60m403330h204l0/

4 http://www.springerlink.com/content/n2883j06628r5515/

9 http://www.springerlink.com/content/w75j6048545350g5/

9 http://www.springerlink.com/content/w75j6048545350g5/

10 http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00005868/01/Varzari_Alexander.pdf

11 Capelli et al. 2003, table 1, more data % < 6

13 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/7/1008.pdf

14 Pericic et al. (2005) + (15'th primary sources?)

[edit] Asia

 N R1* R1a1(%) Sr. Published
 
Ishkashimi  25 4 68 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Tajiks - 64 6
Tajiks/Khojant 22 64 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Tajiks/Dushanbe 16 19 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Tajiks/Samarkand 40 25 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Kyrgyz  52 2 63 5 Wells et al. (2001)
 
Tashkent IE 69 7 47 ?
India Upper Caste 86 - 45.35 8
Sourasthran 46 0 39 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Abkhazians  12 8 33 7 Nasidze,2004
Chenchus (India-Drav.) - - 26 12 
Kazan Tatar 38 3 24 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Saami 23 9 22 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Dongxiang 49 <10 28 Wei Wang et al.,2003
Bonan  47 0 26 Wei Wang et al.,2003
Salar 52 <10 17 Wei Wang et al.,2003
Iran (Tehran) 24 4 4 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Iran (Tehran) 80 8 20 7 Nasidze,2004 
 
Iran (Isfahan) 50 0 18 7 Nasidze,2004
Pakistan ?? 85 1.10 16.47 8 ?
Pakistan 175 0.57 24.43 8 ?
Pakistan south 91 0 31.87 8 ?
India 728 0 15.8 8 ?
India 325 0.3 27 12 ? 
Tuvian 42 2 14 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Abazinians 14 0 14 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Georgians 77 10 10 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Kurd 17 29 12 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Nenets 54 4 11 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Syrian 20 15 10 1
 
Lebanese 31 6.4 9.7 1
Turkmen 37 36 9  ?
Turkmen 30 37 7 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Lezgi(S.Caucasus) 12 17  8 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Svans 25 0 8 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Azerbaijanians 72 11 7 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Armenians 100 19 6 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Armenians  47 36 9 5 Wells et al. (2001)
S.Ossetians 17 12 6 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Kazaks 54 6 4 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Chechenians 19 0 5 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Kallar Dravidian 84 0 4 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Mongolian 24 0 4 5 Wells et al. (2001)
Ossetians (Ardon) 28 0 4 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Kazbegi 25 8 4 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
India Dravidian (Tribal) 180 - 2.78 8 
Kabardinians 59 2 2 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Lezgi(Dagestan) 25 4 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Ossetians (Digora) 31 0 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Rutulians 24 0  0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Darginians 26 4 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Ingushians 22 0 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Cambodia 6 0 0 8 ?
China  127 0 0 8 
Japan 23 0 0 8
Siberia 18 0 0 8 ?

Publications:

(*5) Wells et al. (2001)

(*6) http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v71n3/023927/023927.web.pdf^{[dead link]}

(*7) http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Caucasus_big_paper.pdf^[14]

(*8) Sengupta et al. (2005) table 5, 6 & 7

(*12) Kivisild et al. (2003) Fig3 more detailed data for regions, but no caste

[edit] Popular culture

Bryan Sykes in his book Blood of the Isles gives (from his fantasy) the populations associated with R1a in Europe the name of Sigurd for a clan patriarch, much as he did for mitochondrial haplogroups in his work The Seven Daughters of Eve.

[edit] Relationship to other haplogroups

Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups

most recent common Y-ancestor

|

A

BR

B

CR

DE

CF

D

E

C

F

G

H

IJ

K

I

J

L

M

NO

P

N

O

Q

R

Haplogroup R

Haplogroup R1

Haplogroup R1a	Haplogroup R1a1
	Haplogroup R1b

Haplogroup R2

[edit] See also

Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups

Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia

Pole, Hungarian, two good friends

[edit] Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Wells (2002)

2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Semino et al. (2000)

3. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Wells et al. (2001)

4. ^ ^{a b} Passarino et al. (2002)

5. ^ ^{a b c} Rosser et al. (2000)

6. ^ Haplogroup R1 (M173). The Genographic Project. National Geographic Society. Retrieved on 2008-03-11.

7. ^ The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American - Jeffrey T. Lell et al [1]

8. ^ Passarino et al. (2001)

9. ^ ^{a b} Pericic et al. (2005) Haplogroup frequency data in table 1

10. ^ Behar et al. (2003)

11. ^ Capelli et al. (2003), "A Y chromosome census of the British Isles", Current Biology 13 (11): 979–84, PMID 12781138, <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-48PV5SH-12&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F27%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0eb0c8ff85bde2ebc2ef136619f57e7a>.

12. ^ Garvey, D. Y Haplogroup R1a1. Retrieved on 2007-04-23.

13. ^ The Genographic Project. National Geographic Society. Retrieved on 2008-03-10. “In India, around 35 percent of the men in Hindi-speaking populations carry the M17 marker, whereas the frequency in neighboring communities of Dravidian speakers is only about ten percent. This distribution adds weight to linguistic and archaeological evidence that a large migration from the Asian steppes into India occurred within the last 10,000 years. The M17 marker is found in only five to ten percent of Middle Eastern men. This is true even in Iranian populations where Farsi, a major Indo-European language, is spoken. Despite the low frequency, the distribution of men carrying the M17 marker in Iran provides a striking example of how climate conditions, the spread of language, and the ability to identify specific markers can combine to tell the story of the migration patterns of individual genetic lineages. In the western part of the country, descendants of the Indo-European clan are few, encompassing perhaps five to ten percent of the men. However, on the eastern side, around 35 percent of the men carry the M17 marker. This distribution suggests that the great Iranian deserts presented a formidable barrier and prevented much interaction between the two groups.”

14. ^ 2004 I. Nasidze & all "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus" doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x

[edit] References

Bamshad et al. (2001), "Genetic evidence on the origins of Indian caste populations", Genome Research 11 (6): 994–1004, PMID 11381027, <http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/11/6/994>.

Behar et al. (2003), "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73: 768–779, PMID 13680527, <http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v73n4/40097/40097.html>.

Kivisild et al. (2003), "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations", AJHG, <http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12536373>.

Mukherjee et al. (2001), "High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India", Journal of Genetics 80 (3): 125-135, December, 2001.

Passarino et al. (2001), "The 49a,f haplotype 11 is a new marker of the EU19 lineage that traces migrations from northern regions of the black sea", Hum. Immunol. 62 (9): 922-932, DOI 10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00291-9.

Passarino et al. (2002), "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms", Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 10 (9): 521–9, PMID 12173029, <http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v10/n9/full/5200834a.html>.

Pericic et al. (2005), "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations", Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (10): 1964–75, PMID 15944443, doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185, <http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964>.

Saha et al. (2005), "Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow", J. Hum. Genet. 50 (1): 49–51, PMID 15611834.

Semino et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science 290: 1155–59, PMID 11073453, <http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf>.

Sengupta et al. (2005), "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 202–21, PMID 16400607, <http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1380230>.

Wells et al. (2001), "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (18): 10244–9, PMID 11526236, <http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/18/10244>.

Wells, Spencer (2002), The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, Princeton University Press.

[edit] External links

Map of R1a

Spread of R1a1, from the Genographic Project, National Geographic

Danish Demes Regional DNA Project: Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a

FTDNA R1a Y-chromosome Haplogroup Project

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		However, the events that transpired during this earlier period are central to understanding the eventual birth and evolution of the English language.
		This migration resulted in the emergence of numerous distinct but related language families that are now spoken in some form by half of the world’s population.
		This modern-day language group, known as the Romance Languages, derives its name from the fact that these languages originated from Latin, the language of ancient Rome.
	www.bobschwab.com /pre-old_english.htm   (1403 words)

	Silesia
		In the local Silesian language or dialect, the region is called Ślonsk or Ślunsk.
		According to Tacitus, in the 1st century Silesia was inhabited by a multi-ethnic league dominated by the Lugii/Lygii.
		The Silingi were also part of this federation, and most likely a Vandalic people that lived south of the Baltic Sea in the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula river area.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/si/Silesia.htm   (3318 words)

	The Ultimate Vandal Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire, and created a state in North Africa, centered on the city of Carthage.
		Much like the Goths earlier, the Vandals adopted Arianism, a branch of Christianity that believed that Jesus was not equal to God the Father, but a separate created being directly beneath God.
		The Vandals travelled west along the Danube without much difficulty, but when they reached the Rhine, they met resistance from the Franks, who populated and controlled the Roman possessions in northern Gallia.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Vandal   (1140 words)

	[No title]
		The Vandals, however, do not agree with those who make this statement, but say that Gontharis' was captured in battle by Germans in Spain and impaled, and that Gizeric was already sole ruler when he led the Vandals into Libya.
		But since it was not fated that the Vandals should be destroyed by this expedition, he made Basiliscus commander-in-chief, the brother of his wife Berine, a man who was extraordinarily desirous of the royal power, which he hoped would come to him without a struggle if he won the friendship of Aspar.
		And already the Vandals too were at hand ramming and sinking the ships, and making booty of such of the soldiers as attempted to escape, and of their arms as well.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/6/7/6/16765/16765.txt   (15734 words)

	O. Maenchen-Helfen - The Language of the Huns - 1
		For they are all of the Arian faith, and have one language called Gothic; and, as it seems to me, they all came originally from one tribe, and were distinguished later by the names of those who led each group.
		In one instance we are explicitly told that the Kutrigur and Utigur, called Huns by Procopius, [16] Agathias, [17] and Menander, [18] were of the same stock, dressed in the same way, and had the same language.
		Vandalic was certainly close to Gothic but not the same.
	www.kroraina.com /huns/mh/mh_1.html   (1272 words)

	acca blog (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Template:Indo-European The Germanic languages form one of the branches of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Germanic peoples who settled in northern Europe along the borders of the Roman Empire.
		East Germanic languages were written in the Gothic alphabet developed by Bishop Ulfilas for his translation of the Bible into Gothic language.
		Some unique features of Germanic languages are: The levelling of the IE tense (grammar) system into past and present (or common) The use of a dental suffix (/d/ or /t/) instead of vowel alternation (ablaut) to indicate past tense.
	acca5poz.blogspot.com /2006/04/germanic-languagestemplateindo.html   (578 words)

	Gothic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Gothic language (*gutiska razda, *𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰, *
		To judge from the other Germanic languages, they were probably restricted to a word-initial position and the position after a nasal; in other positions they had affricative allophones.
		Nasals in Gothic, like most languages, are pronounced at the same point of articulation as either the consonant that follows them (assimilation).
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-Gothic_language   (4883 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Germanic languages - AOL Research & Learn
		However, the oldest surviving literary text of any Germanic language is in Gothic (see Gothic language).
		These modern North Germanic languages are all descendants of Old Norse (see Norse) and have several distinctive grammatical features in common.
		The West Germanic languages are English, Frisian, Dutch, Afrikaans, German, and Yiddish.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/germanic-languages/20051206025909990013   (835 words)

	Germanic Linguistics
		The Germanic languages is a subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages, which were spoken by about 420 million people in many parts of the world (chiefly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere).
		French culture and language have given hundreds of loan-words and related ideas to most other Germanic languages, although their effect is not as great as on English.
		The descendant languages have all tended to discard to a greater or lesser extent these features of the mother tongue and to become simplified.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Atrium/3993/germanics/grm_linguistics.htm   (2365 words)

	IELan10
		Large-scale writing of a Germanic language did not occur until the fourth century CE, when the missionary Wulfila assembled an alphabet from Greek, Latin, and Runic and began to translate portions of the New Testament into Gothic.
		The only language that can be placed with certainty in the Eastern subgroup is Gothic, which is now extinct, although it continued to be spoken in the Crimea into the sixteenth century CE.
		Historical evidence suggests that both Vandalic and Burgundian were East Germanic, but the few proper nouns that remain do not allow a positive identification.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/jmstitt/Eng480/IndoEuropean/IEL10/IEL10.html   (311 words)

	The Reign of Justinian, 527-565| Lectures in Medieval History
		The Vandals were the most zealous of the Arians and were quick to seize orthodox churches in order to convert them into Arian places of worship.
		The Vandals were so few in number that they resorted to terror in order to keep their subjects in order.
		The Vandalic kingdom became a police state in which orthodox Christians were striped of property, rights, and even freedom and life.
	www.vlib.us /medieval/lectures/justinian.html   (1277 words)

	EUROPA - Education and Training - Regional and minority languages - Euromosaïc study
		The Vandalic tribe of the Silingi is said to be the origin of the name for Silesia.
		Apart from establishing several representations for their national group, members of the German language minority were successful in local, regional and to a lesser extent in national elections.
		The current situation of the German language minority, as is the case for the other minorities, is marked by a weak position after World War II and a revival due to the democratisation of Poland.
	ec.europa.eu /education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/pol2_en.html   (2714 words)

	Vandalic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Vandals established themselves in Southern Spain, following other Germanic and non-Germanic peoples (Visigoths, Alans, etc.), before moving to North Africa around Carthage.
		Very little is known about the Vandalic language beyond that it was East Germanic, closely related to Gothic.
		The Vandalic part is comprehensible, and would correspond to Gothic hails!
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vandalic_language