Copyleft Notice (all rights reversed)
Feel free
to copy, modify and use the contents of this (these) page(s) for non profit
purposes. Commercial use however is prohibited! If you use it, just send an e-mail
to hugo dot coolens at skynet dot be to let me know
and make a reference to the original page at
http://users.skynet.be/fa006481/newurdu/newurdu.html
Instructions
- In the names sections I have written the name
of each character in different ways. The name mentioned under "Roman
transliteration" is the name in Roman script with diacritic dots as
used e.g. in Ferozsons Urdu-English dictionary. I have also given an
approximation of the pronunciation for an English speaker, when you
see however capital letters in this approximation the corresponding sound
has no near equivalent in English.
- There are up to four shapes for each
character: detached, initial, medial and final. This may seem a bit
overwhelming at first sight, but it just makes writing faster and the
logic of the different shapes will soon be obvious to you.
- The shapes shown in the boxes
"medial" and "final" should only be used when the
characters are connected to the previous character, otherwise you should
use the initial or detached shape respectively.
- If you move your mouse cursor over the
examples in Perso-Arabic script, you will see the example word written in
Devanagari, Itrans and English.
- Itrans code is normally used to produce correctly
spelled Asian scripts like Devanagari. I have used it here also to
help you pronounce correctly the example words, the only addition I
made are the brackets which are used to indicate that certain syllables
are not pronounced. I have used here Itrans code for Hindi. For more info
concerning the Itrans code have a look at the Itrans homepage.
- ArabTeX
is a system developped by Klaus Lagally to produce texts with Arabic based
scripts. A great advantage of it is that it can produce the diacritic
accents zabar, zer and pesh, which for beginners is a very important help,
unfortunately support for "pure" Nastaleeq is not available at
this moment. If you think you can make the gif-files on these pages with a
Nastaleeq font and the diacritic accents, you're very welcome to do
so, it may take an hour or two .
The complete Urdu alphabet
You can use this table to navigate directly to a character by clicking on it.
Read from top to bottom and from right to left.
The
1st letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: alif
- In Itrans: alif
- In ArabTeX: alif
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
see also previous example (alif between n and r), notice the difference
in pronunciation between the two alifs, the one in the middle of the word
is a "long a", the initial one is a "short a". For
more information have a look at the vowels section.
- Final position:
·
Notes
- Alif is a breaker or non connector, i.e.
the letter following alif is never connected to it.
- When a word starts with a "long
a" sound, alif madda (madd) should be used.
Notice that words with alif madda precede those with mere alif in a
dictionary. Look at the tilde like sign above the alif -to make alif
madda- in the following example:
- More uses of alif are explained in the vowels section.
The
2nd letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: bay
- In Itrans: be
- In ArabTeX: bE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This letter should be pronounced without
any breathiness.
The
3rd letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: pay
- In Itrans: pe
- In ArabTeX: pE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This letter should be pronounced without
any breathiness.
The
4th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: tay
- In Itrans: te
- In ArabTeX: tE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
See also previous example (2nd te).
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This t is a so called dental t, it should
be pronounced with the tip of your tongue to your teeth.
- Some people call this a soft t.
- This t is "the most common
letter" to represent a dental t in Urdu.
The
5th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: Tay
- In Itrans: Te
- In ArabTeX: ,tE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This t is a so called retroflex t, it
should be pronounced with the tip of your tongue curled up.
- Some people call this a hard t.
- Notice the retroflex sign, which is a
small version of the 22th letter of the alphabet.
The
6th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman transliteration:
- English
approximation: say
- In Itrans: se
- In ArabTeX: _tE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
See final s in the example for the initial position
·
Notes
- In Urdu there are remarkably few words
with this s, all of which are of Arabic origin.
The
7th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman transliteration:
- English
approximation: jeem
- In Itrans: jiim
- In ArabTeX: jIm
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
The
8th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: chay
- In Itrans: che
- In ArabTeX: ^cE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
The
9th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: big hay
- In Itrans: ba.Dii
he
- In ArabTeX: ba,rI
.hE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This letter occurs only in words of
Arabic origin.
The
10th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: KHay
- In Itrans: Ke
- In ArabTeX: _hE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This letter is pronounced back in the
throat, a bit like the Scottish ch in the word "loch".
The
11th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: daal
- In Itrans: daal
- In ArabTeX: dAl
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This letter is a so called breaker or non
connector, i.e. the letter following daal is never connected to it.
- This is the dental d.
- Some people call this a soft d.
The
12th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: Daal
- In Itrans: Daal
- In ArabTeX: ,dAl
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This letter is a so called breaker or non
connector, i.e. the letter following Daal is never connected to it.
- This is the retroflex d, it should be
pronounced with the tip of your tongue curled up.
- Some people call this a hard d.
The
13th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: zaal
- In Itrans: zaal
- In ArabTeX: _dAl
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This letter is a so called breaker or non
connector, i.e. the letter following zaal is never connected to it.
The
14th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: ray
- In Itrans: re
- In ArabTeX: rE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This letter is a so called breaker or non
connector, i.e. the letter following ray is never connected to it.
- This r is pronounced like the Spanish r.
The
15th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: Ray
- In Itrans: .De
- In ArabTeX: ,rE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
This letter does not occur as the first letter of a word.
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This letter is a so called breaker or non
connector, i.e. the letter following Ray is never connected to it.
- This pronunciation of this r resembles a
bit the English r in the word "worry".
The
16th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English approximation:
zay
- In Itrans: ze
- In ArabTeX: zE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This letter is a so called breaker or non
connector, i.e. the letter following zay is never connected to it.
- This z is "the most common
letter" to represent a z in Urdu.
The
17th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: ZHay
- In Itrans: not
available
- In ArabTeX: ^zE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This letter is a so called breaker or non
connector, i.e. the letter following ZHay is never connected to it.
- This letter is rarely used in Urdu,
occuring mostly in Persian loan words.
- Pronounce this letter like the s in the
English word "pleasure".
- The "double dotted" z in
Devanagari is a representation of this letter I found in the book
"Urdu through Hindi" by Afroz Taj.
The
18th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: seen
- In Itrans: siin
- In ArabTeX: sIn
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This is the "most common
letter" to represent an s-sound in Urdu.
The
19th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: sheen
- In Itrans: shiin
- In ArabTeX: ^sIn
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
The
20th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: suaad
- In Itrans: suaad
- In ArabTeX: .suAd
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
The
21th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: zuaad
- In Itrans: zuaad
- In ArabTeX: .duAd
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
The
22th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: toy
- In Itrans: toe
- In ArabTeX: .tOE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
The
23th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: zoy
- In Itrans: zoe
- In ArabTeX: .zOE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
The
24th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: ain
- In Itrans: ain
- In ArabTeX: `ain
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
The
25th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: GHain
- In Itrans: Gain
- In ArabTeX: .gain
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
The
26th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: fay
- In Itrans: fe
- In ArabTeX: fE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
The
27th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: Qaaf
- In Itrans: qaaf
- In ArabTeX: qAf
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- Pronounce this letter further back in the
throat than an ordinary k.
The
28th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: kaaf
- In Itrans: kaaf
- In ArabTeX: kAf
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
The
29th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: gaaf
- In Itrans: gaaf
- In ArabTeX: gAf
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
The
30th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: laam
- In Itrans: laam
- In ArabTeX: lAm
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
The
31th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: meem
- In Itrans: miim
- In ArabTeX: mIm
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
The
32th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: noon
- In Itrans: nuun
- In ArabTeX: nUn
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- When this letter is used for nasalization
and in the final position, no dot should be written as you see in the
following example:
The
33th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: waw / wao / vao
- In Itrans: vaao
- In ArabTeX: wAw
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This letter sometimes is a consonant (see
examples for initial and medial position) and sometimes is a vowel or
makes a so called diphtong, for more information concerning that see vowels section
.
- Waw is a breaker or non connector, i.e.
the letter following waw is never connected to it.
The
34th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: small hay
- In Itrans: chhoTii
he
- In ArabTeX: ^chO,tI
,hE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position:
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- You'll sometimes see the initial shape of
letter 35 used instead of the initial shape shown here.
- There is an alternative version for the
final shape called "hanging hay" as shown in the following
example:
Hanging hay is coded as H in ArabTeX.
Hanging hay is typically used in Naskh, not Nastaleeq.
The
35th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: two eyed hay
- In Itrans: do
chashmii he
- In ArabTeX: dO ^ca^smI ,hE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Medial position:
- Final position:
·
Notes
- This letter is used to indicate
aspiration.
- You'll sometimes see the initial shape of
this letter used instead of the initial shape of the small hay (letter
34).
- To encode the "two eyed hay" in
ArabTeX you have to use h without comma.
- The technical name used by linguists for
this letter is:
The
36th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: hamza
- In Itrans: ham(a)zaa
- In ArabTeX: ,hamza,h
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Example 1:
- Example 2:
- Example 3:
·
Notes
- In Urdu hamza is used as a vowel
separator, you can look at it as something between a real letter and a
diacritic sign. Because of this reason I don't have used the terms
"initial", "medial" ... as I have for real letters.
- As you see in the examples, hamza
sometimes needs a "chair", a silent consonantional letter which
"carries" it, other times it's just put above a vowel. Hamza
never needs a "chair" when the second vowel is expressed by
waw.
- The correct use of hamza goes beyond the
scope of an introductory text like this one. Look in a good dictionary if
you are in doubt. Don't be surprised if you find inconsistent rules
concerning the use of hamza .
The
37th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: small yai
- In Itrans: chhoTii
ye
- In ArabTeX: ^chO,tI
yE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position
(consonantial):
- Medial position
(consonantial):
- Final position (as
vowel):
·
Notes
- This letter sometimes is a consonant (see
examples for initial and medial position) and sometimes is a vowel, for
more information concerning that see vowels section.
The
38th letter of the Urdu alphabet
·
Name
- In Perso-Arabic
script:
- In Devanagari
script:
- In Roman
transliteration:
- English
approximation: big yai
- In Itrans: ba.Dii
ye
- In ArabTeX: ba,rI
yE
·
Shapes
·
Examples
- Initial position (consonantial):
see initial position example of letter 37
- Medial position
(as vowel):
- Final position (as
vowel):
·
Notes
- This letter sometimes is a consonant and
sometimes is a vowel, for more information concerning that see vowels section. As for consonantional use
there is no difference with small yai (letter 37).
Thanks To
Stefaan Willems, Mohammad Jahangeer Warsi, Anshuman Pandey, Mazhar and
last but not least Christina Oesterheld.
Things to do
Copyleft Notice
Feel free
to copy, modify and use the contents of this (these) document(s) for non profit
purposes. Commercial use is prohibited! If you use it, just let me know and
make a reference to the original page.
Introduction
Urdu is
most often written in a Persian-Arabic script called Nastaleeq (Nastaliq). The
Nastaleeq character set (the Urdu alphabet) contains 39 characters -some people
say 35-, and is a super set of the Arabic and Persian alphabets.
There are no upper and lower case characters in Nastaleeq.
Instructions
- Read table from left to right.
- There are up to four shapes four each
character: detached, initial, medial and final. This may seem a bit
overwhelming at first sight, but it just makes writing faster and the
logic of the different shapes will soon be obvious to you.
- The shapes shown in the boxes
"final" and "medial" should only be used when the
characters are connected to the previous character, otherwise you should
use the "initial shape".
- For pronunciation, correct relative sizes,
writing base line position and example words click character.
- To hear the sound of the characters, you
should download and install the "Real
Audio Player" first. A click on the loudspeaker will make you hear
the sound of the character and the example word.
- Itrans code is normally used to produce correctly
spelled asian scripts like Devanagari. I have used it here also to
help you pronounce correctly the example words, the only addition I
made are the brackets which are used to indicate that certain sylables are
not pronounced. For more info concerning the Itrans code have a look at the Itrans homepage
- In the "name box" an
approximation of the sound of the Urdu name of the character using English
is provided. I sometimes used capital letters to indicate sounds that
don't exist in English e.g. the pronunciation of Tay differs from the one
used for tay, ZHay is not pronounced "zhay"!
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الفباۓ
اردو
|
The Urdu alphabet
|
|
#
|
|
اشکال
|
اسم
|
Name
|
Unicode
|
Devanagari equiv.
|
0
|
ء
|
|
ہمزہ
|
hamzah
|
U+0621
|
|
|
1
|
ا
|
ا
|
الف
|
alif
|
U+0627
|
|
|
1a
|
آ
|
آ
|
الف مدّہ
|
alif maddah
|
U+0622
|
आ
|
U+0906
|
2
|
ب
|
ب
ب ب
|
بے
|
bē
|
U+0628
|
ब
|
U+092C
|
2h
|
|
بھ
بھ
|
بھے
|
bhē
|
|
भ
|
U+092D
|
3
|
پ
|
پ
پ پ
|
پے
|
pē
|
U+067E
|
प
|
U+092A
|
3h
|
|
پھ
پھ
|
پھے
|
phē
|
|
फ
|
U+092B
|
4
|
ت
|
ت
ت ت
|
تے
|
tē
|
U+062A
|
त
|
U+0924
|
4h
|
|
تھ
تھ
|
تھے
|
thē
|
|
थ
|
U+0925
|
5
|
ٹ
|
ٹ ٹ ٹ
|
ٹے
|
t.ē
|
U+0679
|
ट
|
U+091F
|
5h
|
|
ٹھ ٹھ
|
ٹھے
|
t.hē
|
|
ठ
|
U+0920
|
6
|
ث
|
ث
ث ث
|
ثے
|
sē
|
U+062B
|
स
|
U+0938
|
7
|
ج
|
ج
ج ج
|
جیم
|
jīm
|
U+062C
|
ज
|
U+091C
|
7h
|
|
جھ
جھ
|
جھے
|
jhē
|
|
झ
|
U+091D
|
8
|
چ
|
چ
چ چ
|
چے
|
čē = cē
|
U+0686
|
च
|
U+091A
|
8h
|
|
چھ
چھ
|
چھے
|
čhē = chē
|
|
छ
|
U+091B
|
9
|
ح
|
ح
ح ح
|
بڑی
حے
|
bar.ī Hē
|
U+062D
|
ह
|
U+0939
|
10
|
خ
|
خ
خ خ
|
خے
|
xē = khē
|
U+062E
|
ख़
|
U+0959
|
11
|
د
|
د
|
دال
|
dāl
|
U+062F
|
द
|
U+0926
|
11h
|
|
دھ
دھ
|
دھے
|
dhē
|
|
ध
|
U+0927
|
12
|
ڈ
|
ڈ
|
ڈال
|
d.āl
|
U+0688
|
ड
|
U+0921
|
12h
|
|
ڈھ ڈھ
|
ڈھے
|
d.hē
|
|
ढ
|
U+0922
|
13
|
ذ
|
ذ
|
ذال
|
zāl
|
U+0630
|
ज़
|
U+095B
|
14
|
ر
|
ر
|
رے
|
rē
|
U+0631
|
र
|
U+0930
|
15
|
ڑ
|
ڑ
|
ڑے
|
r.ē
|
U+0691
|
ड़
|
U+095C
|
15h
|
|
ڑھ ڑھ
|
ڑھے
|
r.hē
|
|
ढ़
|
U+095D
|
16
|
ز
|
ز
|
زے
|
zē
|
U+0632
|
ज़
|
U+095B
|
17
|
ژ
|
ژ
|
ژے
|
žē = zhē
|
U+0698
|
झ़
|
U+091D+093C
|
18
|
س
|
س
س س
|
سین
|
sīn
|
U+0633
|
स
|
U+0938
|
19
|
ش
|
ش
ش ش
|
شین
|
šīn = shīn
|
U+0634
|
श
|
U+0936
|
20
|
ص
|
ص
ص ص
|
صاد
|
Sād, Suād
|
U+0635
|
स
|
U+0938
|
21
|
ض
|
ض
ض ض
|
ضاد
|
Żād, Żuād
|
U+0636
|
ज़
|
U+095B
|
22
|
ط
|
ط
ط ط
|
طوے
|
Tōē
|
U+0637
|
त
|
U+0924
|
23
|
ظ
|
ظ
ظ ظ
|
ظوے
|
Zōē
|
U+0638
|
ज़
|
U+095B
|
24
|
ع
|
ع
ع ع
|
عین
|
‘ain
|
U+0639
|
|
|
25
|
غ
|
غ
غ غ
|
غین
|
ğain
|
U+063A
|
ग़
|
U+095A
|
26
|
ف
|
ف
ف ف
|
فے
|
fē
|
U+0641
|
फ़
|
U+095E
|
27
|
ق
|
ق
ق ق
|
قاف
|
qāf
|
U+0642
|
क़
|
U+0958
|
28
|
ک
|
ک ک ک
|
کاف
|
kāf
|
U+06A9
|
क
|
U+0915
|
28h
|
|
کھ کھ
|
کھے
|
khē
|
|
ख
|
U+0916
|
29
|
گ
|
گ
گ گ
|
گاف
|
gāf
|
U+06AF
|
ग
|
U+0917
|
29h
|
|
گھ
گھ
|
گھے
|
ghē
|
|
घ
|
U+0918
|
30
|
ل
|
ل
ل ل
|
لام
|
lām
|
U+0644
|
ल
|
U+0932
|
31
|
م
|
م
م م
|
میم
|
mīm
|
U+0645
|
म
|
U+092E
|
32
|
ن
|
ن
ن ن
|
نون
|
nūn
|
U+0646
|
न
|
U+0928
|
32a
|
ں
|
ں
|
نون
غنّہ
|
nūn-e ğunnah
|
U+06BA
|
ँ
|
U+0901
|
33
|
و
|
و
|
واو
|
vāō
|
U+0648
|
व
|
U+0935
|
34
|
ہ
|
ہ ہ ہ
|
چھوٹی
ہے
|
čhōt.ī hē
|
U+06C1
|
ह
|
U+0939
|
34a
|
ه
|
ه
ه ه
|
چھوٹی
هے
|
čhōt.ī hē
|
U+0647
|
ह
|
U+0939
|
34b
|
ھ
|
ھ ھ ھ
|
دو
چشمی هے
|
dō čašmī hē
|
U+06BE
|
|
|
35
|
ی
|
ی ی ی
|
چھوٹی
یے
|
čhōt.ī yē
|
U+06CC
|
य
|
U+092F
|
35a
|
ئ
|
ئ
ئ ئ
|
ہمزہ
|
hamzah
|
U+0626
|
|
|
35b
|
ے
|
ے
|
بڑی
یے
|
bar.ī yē
|
U+06D2
|
ए
|
U+090F
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Urdu alphabet consists of
35 letters with the following additions:
Symbol 0 and letter 35a denote a syllable break.
Letter 1a denotes initial ‹ā›.
Letter 32a denotes nasalization.
Letter 34a is a glyph variant of letter 34.
Letter 34b forms eleven digraphs denoting aspirates.
Letter 35b denotes final ‹ē› or final ‹ai›.
Further reading
Hugo’s Urdu
page by Hugo Coolens
Urdu design guide
Implementing
Urdu in Unicode
Implementing
Urdu in Unicode (PDF)
Guidelines
to use of Arabic characters (PDF)
Enabling
Pakistani languages through Unicode (PDF)
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