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SUMERIAN and INDO-EUROPEAN
A - K
Lexical Equivalence on the basis of
Latvian
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SUMERIAN and INDO-EUROPEAN
- Lexical Equivalence from A to K -
On the evidence of LATVIAN
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Word sources
are: John A. Halloran's Lexicon of Sumerian Logograms
at the web domain http://www.sumerian.org
and the Latvian-German historical dictionary of Latvian by Muehlenbachs-Endzelins.
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The first table below is a systematic list
showing e.g. that Sumerian
variants of the same root are due to thus far unrecognized differences
in vowels and consonants
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SUMERIAN WORD
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LATVIAN WORD
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DUN 4 warp, lay a warp (in weaving)
DUN 5, DU 9 to butter
DUN 5, DU 9 complain, sway, stagger
DUN, DU 24 to scrape, dig (a field,
furrow, hole), to heap, pile up, to open
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DUNAS (long u) warp in weaving, feather bed
DUONA/DUONIS (uo) butter churn or tub
DUNA, DUNet (short u) drone, sway, stagger
DUNA (palatal n) mass of mud, moist earth
DUNCIS digging part of the plow
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DAB 2,4,5 hold, take, seize
DIB 2 hold, take, seize
DIB 2 pass along, send over, wander
DUB kick, flop (said of fish,newborn
animals)
DUB knock down
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DABUO, TAP, TAPT take, hold, seize, become
DIB-ina establish, found (seize in this sense)
TIP-ina toddles, wanders
TAP, TUOP become, emerge, develop
TAP, TUOP trample
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SHITA cleanliness
SHITA mace
SHITA 5 a type of vessel
SHITA 4 bind, band, bound
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CITiba- (long i) pronounced TSEET cleanliness
SIT- (short i) to hit CIET- (TSIET-) hard object
SIETA, SIETs (vowel ie) of a sieve, sieve
SIETA, CIETA tied, bound, band, firm
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KUSH skin, hide
KUSH to tire
KUSHU turtle (see KISI, KASH)
KUSHU of sheep, cattle
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KAZHU of skin, hide
KUS- (long u) to tire
KAUSU bowl-shaped(back of the
turtle)
KAZU of goats
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KUR mountain, highland
KUR kindle
KUR reed container, KUR 6 food basket
KUR reach, attain
KUR 5 cut, notch etc.
KUR
4
fat, get big
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KUR-ms mound, heap, elevation
KUR- to burn, heat, stoke
KURvis basket
KER- grab reach, attain
CER cut, CIRvis axe
KARe (long a) craving, gluttony
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GIBIL 4 renewal, renovate
GIBIL to burn, burning
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KUPLI adorn (short u) KUOP- take care of
KUPULI, KUP- (long u) steam, smoke, cure
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ULUSHIN emmer beer
ULUTIN attractive, attention-getting
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ALUTINs, ALUSHINS beer dim.
(ie)LUTIN- spoil(ed), pamper(ed), well-liked
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Notes to the subsequent list of lexical correspondences:
1. One reason that Sumerian has
been difficult to relate to
any known language is that transcription is still quite faulty.
Otherwise the correspondences here would be even greater.
2. These difficulties are apparent
in variant Sumerian
logograms which the Oriental scholars have given the same
transcription and which are distinguished only by number
e.g. SA 1, SA 2, SA 3, etc.
Recourse to Latvian shows that each of these logograms
are DIFFERENT words or syllables,
varying by end consonant and /or length of vowels.
e.g. Sumerian SA4 is Latvian SAUC
but Sumerian SA5 is Latvian SARts
and Sumerian SA 6 is Latvian SALds
3. The assessment that Sumerian H (diacritical mark below the letter)
is equivalent to guttural CH as in German ICH
appears to be incorrect. Rather, it seems to correspond
to the fricatives (unvoiced and voiced) TS / DZ
or to the palatalized consonants G = DJ or K = TJ in Latvian.
4. There is evidence that Sumerian SH (S + diacritical above)
also included CH- as a sound. See CHAP-,
CHUP-, SHUP-.
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ADDITIONAL SPECIAL NOTES
A. The Time
Factor. Sumerian and modern Latvian are separated by 5000
years at least, so that perfect matches should not be expected in all
cases.
No single word is decisive, but the sum is enough to show the
relation.
B. Purely hypothetical proto-Indo-European “reconstructed” roots
have not been used here for
comparison because these are
in my opinion inaccurate and will be amended considerably
by the linguists once one sees that there is a confluence
of many Sumerian and proto-Indo-European terms.
C. The linguists have also FAILED
to take old grammatical elements as preserved in Latvian
(and to some degree in
Lithuanian) into account:
These grammatical and linguistic
elements are:
1. The prefix PA- / BA- (= extension or localization of space),
also the prefix AP- or AB- (see Muehlenbachs-Endzelins) is both a
separate
word as well as an agglutinated element. Linguists have ignored it,
erroneously.
2. The suffix -BA / -PA (= extension/localization of space)
and its variants -VA -MA (see Muehlenbachs-Endzelins)
have - erroneously - not been recognized.
3. The reflexive particle SA- of the self ESa, s-mobile, has
not been recognized (see Muehlenbachs-Endzelins)
4. The Latvian directional prefixes IE, AIZ-, IZ- and UZ-
meaning on, behind, after, in, above,
out of, etc. and deriving
from the word for the self ES or ASH, have not been
recognized.
AIZ and UZ can also be separate terms or agglutinated to words.
5. The agglutination of demonstrative and personal pronouns
e.g. -TA, TU-, -TIE-, -TAS , KAS
(variant -DA, -DU, -DI etc.)
and also -SHI, -SHA, -SHUO, - SHIM has not been recognized (see Bopp).
6. As shown by Sivan
in Northwest Semitic texts,
forms such as NA-SHIM from
the above Latvian -SHIM
are later nasalized forms, which
did not exist in proto-Indo-European.
7. in Latvian, the direct object is often the subject - also
in Sumerian,
e.g. manu maju duodu (I give my
house, but literally my house give I),
whence, end u-forms in Sumerian are NEVER nominative.
Nearly 200 years ago, Franz Bopp - the founder of comparative
linguistics - alleged the origin of inflection in the agglutination of
demonstrative pronouns,
but, alas, no one paid any attention to him.
Many of the elements above are AGGLUTINATIVE in nature in Latvian
(as also in Sumerian).
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SUMERIAN - A
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LATVIAN - A
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The Sumerian term on the left is......
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identical to the Latvian term on the right.
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AB domestic cow
AB lake, sea
ABSIN 3 seeded furrow (ab + si + in)
ACHI, ACH 5 arm, wing, horn, side,
strength, wages
AKA, AG, A5 do, make, act, place
ADA, AD father
ADDA 2, AD 3,6 carcass, corpse
AGA, AG, AKA, AM measure, check
AGARIN 2,3 father, mother
AGARIN 4,5 beer-wort, crucible, vat
AKANI, AKAN udder
AM, EM who, which, what, as, like
AMA 4,5 living quarters, room
AMA mother UME older woman
AMBAR marsh, reeds
AN, EN lord, priest, sky, heaven,
Gilgamesh, astronomical deities
APIN plow
ASA, AZ cage, fetter, bear, myrtle
ASAL, ASAR Euphrates poplar
ASH one, unique
ASHAG field
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(L)UOP- domestic cow, beast of burden
UPE river, stream
ABSEJINA (ab-sej-ina) that sowed
AIC-, AICINA wave with the arm,
hence, invite, summon
LIK/LIEK do put place AUG- plant
TEvs, TETis, father TAUTA folk
ADA skin, hide
ACUO to eye, check by looking
AGRINIE, AGRAKIE earlier, previous
AGRIN- early, early-ripe
AKNA liver, udder (tesmenis)
KAM which, whom
IEMAJA, MAJA home, house
MA-TE mother, O-MA grandmother
APARs marsh, reeds
JANis, JUMts (Egyptian ON)
deity, center of heaven, Midsummer
APIJA, APINIS tied center of the plow
VAZHA fetter AIZA ravine, enclosure
UOZOL oak (see also Latvian ZAR)
ES, Lithuanian ASH the Self, "I"
IESEJA that sown AIZA, IEZHUOG-
- enclosure, fenced-off area
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SUMERIAN - B
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LATVIAN - B
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BA
give, divide, apportion, etc.
BI, BE this one, that one, it, its, the, to
all in the sense of by, extension of
space !!
BAD, BE to open, to let out, to go away
to be at a distance
BAD 4 hardship, difficulty, inarable land
BALA, BAL spindle, revolve, crossover
turn around, go back
BAR open, uncover, see, remove,
select, divide, distribute, foreign,
because of, outside
BAR, PAR, BARA, PARA pass over
stretch out, spread out, above
BAR 6,7 shine, bright, white, rising sun
BARA 5,6 king
BARA 4 open wide, released, separated
BARAG throne, platform, perch
BILLUDA, BILUDA worship, cult
BIR scatter, mix, shed tears, fall, pour
BIR team of, collection (i.e. an amount)
BIZ slap, strike, accuse, tears
BUGIG, BUGIN basket
BUNIG, BUNIN reed container
BUR meal, repast
BUR knap, flake off, tear out, despoil
BUR, BURU hole, mine, bore
BUR, BURU open, release
BURANUN Euphrates
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BA, BI, PA, PIE extension of space !!
prefix (PA) and suffix (BA), with verbs
and nouns - there are no definite or
indefinite articles in Sumerian, Latvian
or Old Kingdom Pharaonic Egyptian
VAD-, VED, VERT lead, escort away,
open VALA open
BAD- hunger dearth
APALA, PAR- round, circular in shape,
over, turn around
PAR, PARI, VER, VERUO, BAR over,
because, left over, divide, open, observe,
foreign, outside, because of, distribute
PAR, PARI over, above, pass above,
extension of space above <*BA-RI
BAL- white
PAR-, VARA over, power, might
PARRAU spread, rip apart PAR-RAU-
PEREKlis perch
PIELUDZA worshipped, prayed
BIR fall, pour, shed tears
BIRka tally, tag, amount
BAIDS, BID-, BIED- frighten, shove
BIRST (tears) fall VAIDs wail
BUNDZHA, BUNGA, BUNDZIN-
drum, container
BAR- (BARiba, BARot)meal, eat
BURza, BERze grate, flake, rub
BUR, BURU bore
VER, VERU open, opened, release
PURAINE/PURENE marsh, marshy
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SUMERIAN - C
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LATVIAN - C
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CHA, CHU ten
CHA-A numerous, diverse, mixed
CHE 2 abundance, abundant
CHAB 2 stink, foul smell, resin
CHALBA, CHALBI frost, freezing
CHASH area of the lower abdomen
CHENBUR 2 green shoot, stalk
CHU bird
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KAUdze many, heap DES-mit ten
D(Z)AUDZ, KAUdze many,varied
D(Z)AUDZ , KAUdze many, varied
KEPA (palatal k, long e) foul mess
SAL-, SALIBA frost
CIS-KA thigh, haunch
CHEMUR, KEMBUR bunch, cluster
KAIJU gull
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SUMERIAN - D
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LATVIAN - D
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DAB 2,4,5 DIB hold, take, seize
DIB 2 hold, take, seize
DAL to remove, to be far away
DALCHAMUN storm, disorder
DALLA, DALA needle
DALLA bright, conspicuous, excellent
DANNA twelfth part of a full day
DAR slice, split, shatter (see TAR)
DI decide, judge, lawsuit, sentence
DIB 2 pass along, wander, cross
DIDILA, DIDI young, small
DINGIR god, deity
DUNGU cloud, cloudbank
DU, DU 7 build, make, mould, cast,
fasten, work, finish, complete
DU 12 sing, music act, acquire wife
DUB clay tablet
DUB pour, to heap up
DUG 4, DU 11 speak, command
DUG 4, DU 11 have sex
DUG, DU 10 sweet, good, beautiful
DUMU, TUM 9, TU 15 re: wind
DUMU child, son, daughter
DUN 4 warp, to lay a warp in weaving
DUN 5, DU 9 to butter
DUN 5, DU 9 sway, stagger
DUN, DU 24 scrape, dig (e.g. a field,
furrow, hole), heap, pile up, open
DUR bond, string, thread, strap, tie,
amulet chain, necklace, umbilical cord
URI 2,5 URIM 2,5 door(post)
(this is a problem of transcription)
DURUNA, DILINA, DILIM oven
DURUN, DURU, DUR sit, buttocks,
occupy, dwell
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DABut, TAPT get, grab, evolve
DIBinat establish, found, declare
TAL- far
TRAKUMIN chaos, disorder
ADATA needle (IE)DALA part, divide
DAL- slice, split, divide DAR do
DIENA day
DAILA pretty, elegant, beautiful
TIEsa court DUO give out, decide
TIPinat toddle, wander (S)TIEP extend
DIDILI (Lithuanian) small ones
DANGUS heaven Lith., DENDER
round of heaven, Egypt DENDERA
DUO hand (to), DA-RA do, finish,
make, work, fasten, mould, build
DZIED sing, sing praise, serenade
DUBli mud, clay
DUBt hollow out, pour, heap up
TEIC-, TEIK- say, express, command
TIEK-, TIKas, to meet (together)
TAUK- rich, fat German TUGend
DUMA, DUMI, DUMU smoke, haze
DZIMU birth
DUNAS (short u) warp in weaving
DUONA/DUONIS butter container
DUNA, DUNet drone, sway, stagger
DUNA mass of mud, moist earth
DUNCIS digging part of the plow
DUR-, CAUR- thrust through, through,
thread through
DURI door
DURIM to the door, of a door
DEDZINA, DEGLINA burns
DIBEN- DVIVOJU bottom, buttocks,
sit, occupy, dwell
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SUMERIAN - E
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LATVIAN - E
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ED, DU,E, E 11 go out, forth, exit
rise, descend (astronomical texts)
IG door, entrance
EDAKUA 12 fish bones
EN 2 time, until, background (time
measured by gnomon sun shadows)
ERIN, EREN cedar (not! cedar since
Sumerian LI = juniper/cedar tree
in myths = Latvian LIE-pa linden)
ESHA, ESHE 4 flour
ESHA be satiated, full
ESHU barley ear, other grain
EZINU grain, cereal
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IET, IETI, IETU, EJ, IEIET to go,
go along, rise/descend (astronomy)
EJA, IE-EJA door, entrance, in-goer
ASAKA fish bone
ENA shade AINU scene
LENA slow time
CERINI lilac
ESHA, EZHA food
ESHANU, EDIENU food
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There is no F in Sumerian or Latvian
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SUMERIAN - G
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LATVIAN - G
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GABA chest, breast
GAL, GAR top, end, height, extension
GALAM ascend, climb, tall, high
UGU skull, top of the head, top side,
upper part, upon, over, on top
GAL, GA cause to be, place, put, dwell
GAL + GAL advice, counsel
GAL 4 vulva, genitalia
GANA, GANAM sheep
GAR 4 early
GARADIN shock, harvest sheaves
GARZA custom, rite
GASHU intelligent
GAZ 2 to crush, vanquish, defeat
GELE, GILI, MELI, MEL throat
GI 6, GE 6 night
GIBIL 4 renewal, renovate
GIBIL to burn, burning (GU 7+BIL)
GIR 4 kiln
GIRI, GIR knife, thorn, stab, lightning,
road, expedition, trip
GISH, GESH tree, wood, tool, organ
GISSU, GIZZU (G=DJ)shade
GU 4D, GUD ox, bull
GU neck, river bank, front, chickpea
GUB left hand TAB hold, clasp
GUB to stand, to erect, install, to write
GUB to purify, cleanse
GUDA priest
GUDI-BIR war GUD 2 GU 2,4 warrior
GUG cake, pressed-date bread
GUG 5 hostility, war see also KAUT-
(TU-)GUL hip, thigh
GUNNI kiln, stove
GUR basket, measure-capacity, return,
protest, contradict, wipe off
GUR sphere, circle, ring, loop, hoop,
to bow down, submit, to die
GUR 4, KUR 4, GIR 8 feel big, thick,
fat, bright, strong, run, gallop, turn, roll.
GURU 7 grain GUR 7 grain heap
KURUSHDA sweet fodder
GUR 10, 14 UR 4 sickle, reap,
harvest, to shear, gather, catch
GURUD 2 to throw
GURUM heap, pile
GURUS 3,4 GURU 5, GUR 5 trim,
strip, cut, clip, KUR, KUR 5 cut
GUZ gnash teeth, bare teeth, cut, clip
GU 7, KU eat, feed
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GUBA bodily fullness
GAL, GAR top, end, height, extension
GALAM, GARAM long, tall, high
AUGU- high, grow, size, head end
GAL-, GALVA, GAR top of head
CEL- raise. elevate, cause to be, put
GALUGALA in the last analysis
KULE sack, pouch, scrotum
GANA, GANAM of, to shepherds
AGRI early
GRAUDIN- grain, grain seed
GARSHA style PARAZHA custom, rite
GAISHU bright, intelligent
GAZ-, GAZH- to overturn, defeat, sock
RIJA, ri-KLE throat MELE mouth
CIEts (eyes) closed, CHUCH sleep
KUOPuli, KUPLI take care of, adorn
KUP, KUPULI (long u) steam, smoke
KUR- burn, KRAsns kiln KARst heat
CIR-, CER cut CIRvis axe
CAUR through CEL- road, way, trip
KUOKS, KEKS- wood, tree, tool
GAISU air KISSU, KEZU murky
GUOvs, GUOVITE cattle
KAK-LIS neck CA-LIS chick
KUOPA, KEPA hand, together
GUV, IEGUV- attainment , in-get
KUOP- tend, take care of
GUDris wise, smart
KAUT-, KAU- strike, kill
KUKulis loaf of bread KUK- clump
KAUJA battle
GURns, GU-ZHA hip
UGUNI fire, flames
GURste, KURvis, GROzs, GRUOZA
GRAUZH basket, a handful, rankle
GURds, GURdens tired, exhausted,
at an end GRIEzh, GRUzh turn, push
KAR- (long a) greed, craving, especially
food GRIEzt turn (S)KREJ- run
GRAUDU of grain
saGRAUZHDU fodder, milled
KER-, CER-, CIRvis- (K=TJ)
catch, cut, cutter
KRAUT, KRAUJA, KRAUJUMs
throw together, heap, pile up
CERU, CER-, CERIS, CIR- cut
CIRvis axe
KUOZH to bite , chew (eat in this
sense), grind teeth, cut off
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There is no H in Sumerian or Latvian
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SUMERIAN- I
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LATVIAN - I
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IB, EB middle, waist (bad
transcription)
IB, EB to anger, curse, insult
IDA, ID, I 7 river, canal, watercourse
ID 4,8 IT 4 moon, month, moonlight
IGARA heron
IGI eye(s), see, face, before
ISIMU 2,3 ISIM 2,3 offspring
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RIB- rib(s) (short i) German LEIB
RIB, RIEB (long i, ie) drone, anger
UDens water VAD- a course, channel
TEvs TETis father, moon
GARnis heron
ACI in the eye, seen
IEDZIMU, IEDZIM- birth, offspring
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There is no J in Sumerian. The few words in Latvian
beginning with J appear to be orthographic modernisms,
going back to long vowels a, e, or i forms (ae, ee, ii)
or to the diphthongs ai, ie, ei or uo.
This
is also true for word-interpositional J.
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SUMERIAN - K
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LATVIAN - K
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KAD 4,5 tie, bind KID reed mat
KID 6 KAD 6,8 to weave a mat
KAK, GAG hinge, joint, knee, peg, nail
KALAM Sumer as a nation
KASH urine
KISI, KASH chamber pot
KARASH, GARASH military location
KASH 4 run fast, speed, quick, runner
KESHDA, KESH knot, bind, wrap, tie
(KI+ SHITA 4)
KI earth, where, when, grain (GUR)
KINGAL commander, director
KIR 11 female lamb
KIRASHI emmer wheat for beer
KI(S)LACH threshing floor, grain pile
KU 6, KUA fish roe
KUD, KU 5 cut off, separate, tax
KID 2,7 pinch off, remove
KUG, KU metal, silver, money
bright, pure, sacred, cleanse
KUR mountain, highland
KUR kindle
KUR reach, attain
KUR reed container
KUR 6 a basket with food
KUR, KUR 5 to cut GURUS 3,4
GUR 5, KUR trim, strip, cut, notch
GUR 10, 14 UR 4 sickle, reap,
harvest, to shear, gather, catch
KUR 4, GUR 4, GIR 8 big, thick
fattened, strong, run, turn, roll
KUSH skin, hide
KUSH to tire
KUSHU turtle (see KISI, KASH)
KUSHU of sheep, cattle
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SIET, CIET tied together, bind,
close(d), joined, fastened
KAK , AKA nook, corner, hook
GALMs area, seat of rule , yard
CHUrAS urine KEZA, KIS- fluid
KAUSS cup, bowl
KARSH war
KAJAS legs, GAUZH very, much
SASIETA tied SASEJ tie, wrap, knot,
bind, join together
KUO, KUR, KAD what, where, when
KUNG- the Latvian "sir"
JER- lamb
KVIESHI wheat KVASS wheat beer
KULET thresh
IKRI fish roe
KUOD, KUOst bite, bite off, separate
KUODE, KUODIGS (codex) share
KUK- a clump, amount (applied to
many items)
KURms mound, heap, elevation
KUR- to burn, heat, stoke
KER grab, reach, attain
GURste, KURvis, GROzs, GRUOZA
reed basket, a handful, change
CER-, CERIS, CIR- cut CIRvis axe
CAUR- through
KER-, CER-, CIRvis- (K=TJ)
catch, cut, cutter
KAR- (long a) greed, desire, craving
GRIEzt turn (S)KREJ- run
KAZHU of skin, hide
KUS- to tire
KAUSU bowl-shaped
KAZU of goats
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Teaching
Learning
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Enquiry
Research
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Quick
Index
Megaliths &
Ancient Man
History
of
Civilization
Biblical
History
Egyptology
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L
E
X
I
L
I
N
E
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SUMERIAN and
INDO-EUROPEAN
L - Z
Lexical Equivalence on
the basis of Latvian
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SUMERIAN - L
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LATVIAN - L
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LA, LAL be high, hold,
lift, carry, hang,
weigh, deduce, strap, harness, bind, load,
lessen, light, deficient, minus, accuse,
denounce, to fall back, retreat
LACH, LUCH clean, wash, sweep
LUGUD pus, serous
LA(L)U debt, owed amount
LAMMA female spirit of good fortune
LI juniper/cedar tree (see ERIN-)
LIRUM, LIRU, LIRI physical strength,
strong, powerful (origin of word LORD)
LU many, much, numerous,
man, men, people
LUNGA 2,3 LUMGI 2,3 NINGI 2,3
brewer
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LAI so that, may, allow,
in order that
LAIst let go, lessen, retreat, to fall back
LIEL big, large, high, great, important
LIELas to brag, make oneself big
LIEtuo to use something
LIJ-, LIET- pour liquid over
retained even in English as LIQUID
AL(A)GA wage, earnings
LAIMA goddess of luck
LIE-pa linden tree
LIELAM, LIELU, LIELI big, large,
strong (see LIEL above)
LAU-dis people
LAUNAGs afternoon meal, drink,
picnic JAUK- mix, brew
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SUMERIAN - M
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LATVIAN - M
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MA 3, GA go MA 4 leave,
go out
MASH interest, rent, profit, yield
ME power, office, responsibility,
decree, oracle, we, our
MELI throat EME tongue, speech
MEN 2,3 myself , the I self
MISH, MESH, MES young man
prince, son, elm (?) tree
MI, ME black
MU, MA 5 to mill, grind
MUDLA, MADLU, MUDUL pole, stake
MUG, MUK chisel, hew, carve
MUG nakedness, pudenda
MURGU 2 neck, back, shoulders
MURUB vulva, woman, sexual charm
MURUB 4,10 central, median area, hips
MURUB battle
MUSH snake, reptile
MUSH 4 a biting insect
MUSHEN bird
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EIMI, EJAM, EJA to go
MAKSA yield, pay, MAISS pouch
ME-S we, MUS- we, our
AMA-TS office
MELE tongue, speech
MAN me, to me, mine
MEITA daughter, MASA sister
MEDZ- create MEZHS forest
MEL- black
MAL grind
MIET-, MIETELE pole, stake
MALKA wood, MEZHS forest, wood
MAKs, MUKs pouch, pudenda
MUGURA back
MILIBA love MIESIBA of the flesh
MERIBA (long e) measurement
MIERIBA peace
MUDZis, MUKT snake, crawler
MUSHA a fly
MUSHINA fly
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SUMERIAN - N
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LATVIAN - N
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NA kill
NA 4 pebble, stone, token
NE; NI, NA human being,
he, she,
that one, self, body
IN he, she
NUD, NAD to lie with
Sivan's work on the
Northwest Semitic
texts for various consonantal and vocalic
shifts indicates vocalism at the beginning
of words was added later, as in Hebrew.
NI-GIN stillborn child
NI-GIN 2,3 vertigo
NIDBA 2 food offering
(NIG/NI + DA + BA)
is CORRECT !
NI-GIN halt, turn,
surround, capacity
especially of cattle (NI, NE 4 + GIN)
NI-SIG, NISSA greens, vegetation
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NAve, NAvet death, kill
NAU-DA, NAUDAS money
VIEN-, VIN-, VINA,
VINI, VINsh,
VINU, VIENU, etc.
Lithuanian AN-, ANA he, she, one
also AINA, VAINA,VANNA
VIENUOT to unite, join
together
NE no, also as a prefixed particle NE-
of negation in word formation NA, NU
NE-DZIM, NE-DZIVs
not born, not alive
NE-ZIN, NESAMANA vertigo
NUO- prefix from, off, out of, with, for
NUODEVA
offering
NUO-DZEN, NUO-DZIN drive off,
brush off, drive cattle, cut off
NUO-SEGA, NUO-SEDZ covering
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There is no O in Sumerian. Latvian has an
"O" but
it is an "UO" pronounced as "WUAH"
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SUMERIAN - P
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LATVIAN - P
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PA 4,5,6 ditch, small
canal
PU well, cistern, pool
PA, PAD seek, find, choose, call,
swear, take an oath, declare
PAB, PAP, PA 4, ABBA father, brother
man
PALA 2,3 clothing (gods, rulers)
PARA, BARA, PAR, BAR pass over
stretch out, spread out
PESH 7 child, son
PESH 4, 13 be pregnant, conceive
PESH womb
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UPE river
PET-, PAUT-, PAUD-, BAUD-
investigate, study, check, test, research
PAP-, PAPA father
PALAgs cloth, sheet
PAR, PARI over, above, pass above
PEC after, following PUIKA boy
PISA has many sexual connotations
PEZHA womb (vulgar)
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There is no Q in Sumerian or Latvian
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SUMERIAN - R
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LATVIAN - R
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RA strike, stab, stir,
stamp, measure,
RI throw, cast, place, put, break, expel,
remove, beget, take, plan
RIG mace, weapon
RIG govern, manage, tend
RIG 5,7 deed, grant, list
RU give, send, present, gift
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RUO-KA, hand Lithuanian
RA-NKA
RI-KUO handle, act, organize
RAK- to dig LIEK put, place
RIK- tool, weapon
RIKUO, RAKst- handel, manage, tend
RIK- tool LIK- determine, place, set
RUO-KA, hand, hand over to
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SUMERIAN - S
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LATVIAN - S
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SA 6, SHA 6, SHAG 5, SIG
6, SIG 5
sweet, good, pleasant
SA sinew, cord, net, mat
SA 4 to name, call
SA 5, SA 11, SIR SI 4, SU 4, red
red-brown, red ocher
SAG + TIN herbalist (see SUCHUSH)
SAG head, point, first, present, human
SIKI, SIG hair, wool, fur, hide
SAGSHU cap, headdress
SAM, SHAM, SA 10 price, buy/sell
SUM give, lend
SE 12 SIG 7 pale, yellow-green,
create, live
SED, SED 7,11 repose, calm, abate
SEG snow, ice
SEG 4 frost, cold , chills
CHALBA, CHALBI frost, freezing
SEG 6 heat, cook, boil, be hot
SHA to dry up
SHAB subtract, apportion, gather
SHAG 4, SHA intestines, heart, midst
SHAKIR/-AR, butter tub, milk jug,
butter churn
SHE barley, grain
SHED 3,4,5 be together, join, link
SHIBIR shepherd's staff, scepter
SHIR, SHER to shine brightly
SHIR, SIR 4 testicles
SHIR, SHUR sing, song, lament
SHITA clean, priest
SHITA clear water, channel, canal
SHITA mace
SHITA 4 bind, band, bound
SHITA 5 a type of vessel
SHU hand, share, portion, bundle
SHUB cast, throw, fall, remove
SHUBA, SHUB 7 be bathed, clean
SHUD, SHU 12, SUB pray, bless
SHUDUN 2,3,4,5 SHUDUL 2,3,4,5
yoke, crosspiece
SHUKUR spear, lance
SHURUN 4,5 cricket, cockroach
SHUSHUANA sixth ASH 3,4,8 six
SIG low, small, weak, late
SIG 3,11 SAG 2,3 SI chop (trees)
strike, damage, shake, crush, blow
SIG 4 sun-dried brick, wall
SIG 9 to be narrow
SIGGA, SIG 14, SHEG 8,9 boar
SHACH domestic pig
SILA 3 street, path, trail, road
SILA measure of capacity - 0.842 liter
SILIM to be good, healthy
SU 6 beard
SU your, yours i.e. pronouns
ZU, ZA you (singular)
SUB to suck, suckle (i.e. to teeth)
SUCH 2,3,5 uproot, displace
SUCH carefully chosen
SUCHUSH roots, support, foundation
SUG, SUB, SU 8 lead out, travel (herd)
SU body, naked
SUL 4, SUL 7 threshing floor, grain pile
SU-N4 chin
SUNIN, SUMUN, SUN old, rot, past
SU 9 SHA 4 mourn, red ocher SA 5
SUR, SHUR rain, flow, drink, gleam
SUR 8, ZAR tap, pour, spout, flow
SUSBU clean, bathed, a priest
SUSH 2,3 anoint
SUSH 2, SHU 2,4 overthrow, throw
SUSH sit down, to reside
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SALDS
sweet, good pleasant
SEJ- bind, tie
SAUC, SAC-, SAK- call, to name
SARkans red (short u) SARt (long u)
glow, fire, campfire, blush, show red
SAK- begin, (long a) SAKNE root
SEG, SEDZ, SEJA, SAKA cover
cover, face, beginning SIKI thin
SEGSHU, SEGUOSHU cover
CHAM-, CHEM-, CHUM- (old)
modern CEN- price, bunch, handful
DZI-, ZI-, (D)ZIL-, ZAL, ZEL life,
create, blue, green, yellow
SED sits, reposes, relaxes
SNIEG-, SEGA snow, cover (SAG)
SALA, SALI , SALST frost, cold
SALIBA freezing
SVILt, SU-T stew, braise, burn
SAUSS dry
CHAP-, CHUPA heap, amount, pile
IEK-SHA innards, in the midst, inside
SAKRAJ collect saKREJums cream
SIERs cheese
SEJA that sown
CIET together, joined, linked
ZHUBUR prong, stick, branch
DZIRk- spark
DZIE-DZERI- glands, testicles
DZIR-, DZIED, SERUO sing, lament
CITigs- (long i) clean, diligent
DZIDrs clear water, DZIT- channel
SITA to strike
SIETA tied, bound
SIETS, SIETA sieve
SAUJA hand, handfull, SAInis bundle
SHUP- push, swing -German SCHUB
CHUBinat take care off, caress, groom
SVET- holy SVAB- free(dom)
JUG-, JUDZIN- yoke ZHUOG-,
ZHUODZINS- confine, enclosure
SHKEPURis spear, lance, crook
CIRCENis cricket, cockroach
SESHAINA sixth SESH six
SIKs tiny SEK- late, following
SIT hit, strike, hurt, damage
ZAGE saw SUOD punish
SIE-NA wall
SHAUR- narrow
CUKA swine, SIV-ENS pig(let)
CUKA swine
CELA, IELA road, street, path, way
SILA, SILE trough
VE-SELAM healthy
USA, USU (of) whiskers
JUSU, SHA, SHAI, SHI, SHUO,
SHIE-M, SHI-NI, TU, TA pronouns
SUK suck, suckle
SUODS punishment
SAUC call, choose in this sense
SAK- SAKAS beginnings SAKNE
SAKTINA- root, rooter
SEKUO follow (a leader)
SEGA covering, skin SEJA face
KUL, KULET thresh
ZUODS chin
SEN-, SENIN, SENAM old, long ago
SER- sorrow
SHALt rain SULA juice DZER- drink
SULA juice
SAUSIBU of being dry SAUSS dry
ZIES-, IEZIEST anoint
SVIEZH- throw, throw down
SEZH sits
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SUMERIAN - T
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LATVIAN - T
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TA to, for, from, nature,
character
TAB two, pair, companion
TAB sting, fever, burn, tremble
TAG hold, handle, touch, weave,
adorn, strike, hit, start fire, fish, hunt
TAK 4, TAG 4 abandon, leave
TAR decide, determine, inquire
TESHLUG small young animal, fledgling
TIL, TI life, live, survive, dwell
TU 5,17 wash, bathe, make libation
TUG, TU 9 cloth, woven garment
TUK, DUK, TUG acquire, receive
TUD, TU beget, make, fashion
TUKUN immediately, at once
TUR 5, TU pigeon GIRISH butterfly
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TA demons. pronoun - it,
its, that, to
DUBult , DIV- double , two ABI both
SAP pain, hurt, sting, be injured
TAI-sa to make, complete, build, open
TAU-sta touch DUO give, hand to
TEC, TEK run, flow, pass by, move on
DAR-, CER- does, considers
TELSH calf
DZI- life,live, survive, dwell
TUP squat
auDEKlis woven garment, cloth
TIK, TIEK, TIEKU become, receive
DUO, DUOT gives, results in
TAGAD, TULIN now, at once
DUJA pigeon, TAURis butterfly
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SUMERIAN - U
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LATVIAN - U
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UB 4 cavity, hole,
pitfall
UBILLA 2 soot
UCH lice, insect, parasite, vermin
UD, U 4 sun, light, day, time, when
since, storm (demon)
UDU sheep UTUA 2 ram UZ she-goat
US 5, U 8 mother ewe KIR 11 lamb
UG 6, U 6 look, gaze
UG 5,7,8 die, death, kill (KAU-)
UGA,UKU people
UKUSH cucumber
ULUSHIN emmer beer
ULUTIN attractive, attention-getting
UMUSH, USH 4 intelligence
knowledge ability, discernment
UR roof, entrance, mountain pass
(faulty transcription)
URI 2,5 URIM 2,5 door(post)
(faulty transcription)
URU watch, guard, light, luminous object
URUDU copper see also VAR-
URUM, URU 6, URU 7 kin, spawn
UR, URGU dog, carnivorous beast
URIN eagle
URU 4 to plough, cultivate
URUGAL the netherworld (uru + gal)
ARALI, ARALA the netherworld
US follow, drive, come near, be next to,
lean against, side, edge, length, distance
US-AN evening
USH blood
USH, USH 8 support, base, foundation
USSU 2,3 eight NW Semitic TJAMANE
SHAMANE Egyptian KEMEN- eight
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AP-SA hole
IEPELI, PELI ashes, soot, gray-colored
UODS gnat, UODZE viper
KAD when,GAD year
GAITA course JUOD devil
AITA, AITU sheep AUNs ram
AZ-, AZHA he-goat JER- lamb
ACS, ACI- eye, in the eye of
GULA reclining, in a fallen position
IK, IKI, IKU which (persons)
IEKUOZH bite GURKIS cucumber
ALUTINs, ALUSHINS beer dim.
(ie)LUTIN- spoil(ed), pampered
IEMAC-, MAK, MEDZ, learn, talent,
ability, make, create, teach
KURms, KALns, KURma
roof, mountain (pass), elevation
DUR, DURI, DURIM
relating to the door
RE, IERE-DZE sight , observation
RUDU VARA copper metal
VAIRUO, VAIRUM multiply, increase
URKis digger, burrower, clawed beast
ARANIS eagle (Lithuanian), ERGLIS
AR, ARA, ARUOt plow, cultivate
ARU GAL- outside end of
ARELE outside
UZ independent word also used as a
directional prefix - to, on, in, at, with
UZ ENAS PUSI toward eve, shadows
AS-INIS blood
UZ on
AS-TONI eight, Old.Prussian (Baltic)
AS-meni eight, i.e. AS-MEN- eight
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There is no V in Sumerian, but similar
Latvian
V-words are found in Sumerian starting with B or U.
There is no W, X or Y in Sumerian or Latvian.
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SUMERIAN - Z
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LATVIAN - Z
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ZA 2 stone, rock,
precious stone,
hailstone, pit, kernel
ZACH 2,3 flee, be lost, perish
ZAG, ZA shoulder, right side, border
ZAR 5, SIR 5, SUR spin, twine
ZE cut, shear
ZI breathing, breath (of life), soul
ZID, ZI right (hand), good, true,
legitimate (transcription faulty)
ZIG, ZI go out
ZIZ a crop-devouring insect
ZIZNA, fish roe
ZUBU, ZUBI sickle
ZIB 2 mark, stamp, brand
ZU know, understand, wisdom
ZU tooth, ivory, flint, obsidian, glass
ZUCH steal, rob AZAG taboo
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ASSA, sharp ASmenis
blade, edge
AK-MENIS rock, stone
ZUD-, ZUDIS, ZAUD lost, perish
SANI side (of something)
ZAR- sprout, branch out, twine
CER cut, shear
DZI-VE life, breathe (life)
IST-, ISTS (long i)
true, real, legitimate Egyptian ISIS
IZEJA, IZIET out-go, go out, EXit
SISenis grasshopper
ZIVs, ZIVINA dim. fish roe IKRI
ZHUBUR- prong ZUOB- edge
CIPars mark, sign, number
ZIN- know, understand, wisdom
ZUO-BS tooth (<AS-SU sharp)
ZAG, IEZAG thievery, ZAIME sin
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Go to L - Z
See also
Sumerians,
Cimmerians and Samarians
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