Langues slaves

Groupes	Langues
Slave de l’Ouest (occidental)	polabe (langue morte) polonais, tchèque, slovaque, sorabe
Slave du Sud (méridional)	slavon (langue morte) serbe, croate, monténégrin, bosniaque, slovène, bulgare, macédonien
Slave de l’Est (oriental)	russe, biélo-russe, ukrainien (et ruthène)

Les langues slaves constituent l'une des branches les plus importantes et les plus homogènes de la famille indo-européenne. Au total, c’est plus de 315 millions de locuteurs dans le monde, qui parlent des langues slaves. Les langues principales sont le russe (170 millions), le polonais (44 millions), l'ukrainien (41 millions), le serbo-croate (20 millions), le tchèque (12 millions), le bulgare (9 millions), le macédonien (2 millions), le biélo-russe (10,2 millions), le slovaque (5,6 millions), le slovène (2,2 million). Il existe aussi des langues mineures comme le sorabe (70 000) parlé en Allemagne et le ruthène (125 000), lequel est apparenté à l’ukrainien et est parlé en Ukraine, en Roumanie et en Slovaquie.

Carte reproduite avec l'aimable autorisation de M. Mikael Parkvall de l'Institutionen för lingvistik, Université de Stockholm.

1 La parenté linguistique

La parenté des langues slaves est très étroite.

Les linguistes distinguent trois sous-groupes au sein desquels la parenté est encore plus évidente:

1) Le slave méridional : slovène, serbo-croate et bulgare et macédonien.

2) Le slave occidental : slavon (éteint) polonais, tchèque et slovaque, qui sont apparus dans l'histoire vers le XIII^e siècle.

3) Le slave oriental : russe, biélorusse et ukrainien (et le ruthène); les langues du slave oriental en constituaient jadis une seule et se sont fragmentées vers le XII^e siècle.

2 L’écriture: alphabet latin et alphabet cyrillique

Les différences les plus apparentes entre les langues slaves résulte de leur écriture. Les Slaves qui ont été christianisés par l'Église catholique romaine utilisent l’alphabet latin, tandis que ceux qui le furent par l'Église byzantine dite orthodoxe emploient aujourd’hui l’alphabet cyrillique. Ainsi, l’héritage catholique a favorisé l’alphabet latin avec le CROATE, le POLONAIS, le TCHÈQUE, le SLOVAQUE, le SLOVÈNE et le SORABE. L’héritage du monde orthodoxe a favorisé l’alphabet cyrillique avec le SERBE (Serbie), le RUSSE (Russie), le BIÉLORUSSE (Bélarus), l’UKRAINIEN (Ukraine), le BULGARE (Bulgarie) et le MACÉDONIEN (Macédoine). Cependant, en Russie, on parle d'«alphabet russe», l'appellation de cyrillique servant à désigner seulement la graphie du slavon utilisée en Russie jusqu'au début du XVIII^e siècle.

On croit généralement que l'alphabet cyrillique a été créé au IX^e siècle à partir de l'alphabet grec par les missionnaires Cyrille (de son vrai nom Constantin) et Méthode. En fait, les deux frères Cyrille et Méthode, tous deux originaires de Salonique, ont traduit à partir de 862 en langue macédonienne, (c'est-à-dire le vieux-slave ou slavon ou slavon d'église), des textes grecs tirés de la Bible et des Évangiles, de même que d'autres textes de la liturgie orthodoxe grecque. Étant donné que le slavon et les autres langues slaves ne disposaient pas encore d'écriture, Cyrille et Méthode créèrent un alphabet aux caractères compliqués appelé alphabet glagolitique. Ce n'est qu'après leur mort que, au début du X^e siècle, l'un des disciples de Méthode, vraisemblablement saint Clément (évêque d'Okhride, mort en l'an 916), décida de transcrire en caractères grecs les textes traduits par Cyrille et Méthode jusque là calligraphiés en glagolitique. Du fait que les lettres de l'alphabet grec semblaient insuffisantes pour rendre compte de tous le sons reproduits par la graphie glagolitique, il y ajouta plusieurs lettres tirées de l'alphabet hébreu. En souvenir de ses maîtres, il donna au nouvel alphabet le nom de cyrillique. La langue maternelle de Cyrille et Méthode, le slavon, est restée la langue liturgique de l'orthodoxie slave. Cette langue aujourd'hui disparue comme langue parlée demeure la source des langues littéraires de tous les pays slaves orthodoxes. L'alphabet cyrillique est considéré comme un trésor commun dans les six pays slaves orthodoxes d'Europe.

3 Les «nouvelles langues» issues du serbo-croate

Jusqu’à l’éclatement de la République socialiste fédérative de Yougoslavie, le serbo-croate constituait une seule et unique langue. Le serbo-croate (appelé parfois croato-serbe en Croatie) des Croates et des Bosniaques s'écrivait en alphabet latin, alors que le serbo-croate des Serbes orthodoxes s’écrivait en alphabet cyrillique.

Lors du démantèlement de la Yougoslavie socialiste et à partir du déclenchement des hostilités avec la Serbie en 1991, les Croates ont cherché à accentuer les différences entre le croate et le serbe, en ressuscitant des archaïsmes lexicaux et en soulignant la différence d'écriture. Aujourd’hui, on ne parle plus du serbo-croate comme langue, mais du croate, du serbe, du bosniaque, voire du monténégrin, comme des langues distinctes.

L’écriture des Serbes et des Monténégrins reste incompréhensible pour les Croates et les Bosniaques, mais l’intercompréhension demeure encore presque parfaite à l’oral. Bien entendu, le croate est devenu la langue officielle de la nouvelle république de Croatie alors que le serbe est devenu la langue officielle de la république de Serbie. Le serbe, le croate et le bosniaque sont les langues officielles de la Bosnie-Herzégovine. Quant à la petite république du Monténégro, l’une des constituantes de la République fédérale de la Yougoslavie actuelle, le monténégrin en est la langue officielle.

En somme, le serbe, le croate, le monténégrin et le bosniaque sont des variantes régionales d’une même langue. Persuadés qu’une nation doit disposer de sa propre langue, les Serbes, les Croates, les Monténégrins et les Bosniaques tentent aujourd’hui de «purifier» avec plus ou moins de succès leur variété linguistique des «impuretés» des autres, c’est-à-dire de tout apport extérieur: c’est présentement la grande lessive linguistique dans les Balkans! Un «vrai Croate» un «vrai Serbe», etc., doit se garder d’utiliser les «mauvais» régionalismes (ceux des autres).

Pourtant, les similitudes entre les trois langues sont beaucoup plus nombreuses que les différences. Par exemple, lorsqu’un Bosniaque commande un café, il demande un kahva (avec un h aspiré), un Serbe demande un kafa, alors qu’un Croate réclame un kava. Dans la vie quotidienne, les différences au plan phonétique ne vont pas plus loin. Toutefois, les nouveaux usages linguistiques ne sont pas encore acquis par tous, car les innombrables synonymes locaux mêlent tout le monde, mais les germes de la purification linguistique sont omniprésents. Les communicateurs de la radio-télévision, les politiciens, les professeurs, voire les simples passants, corrigent avec fermeté ceux qui utilisent un mot jugé "étranger", c’est-à-dire, selon le cas, croate, serbe, bosniaque, etc. Quant aux Serbes qui sont persuadés de parler la «vraie langue», ils estiment que les Croates, les Bosniaques et les Monténégrins parlent tous des dialectes du serbe. En somme, le nationalisme a aussi gagné la langue.

Slavic peoples

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The Slavic peoples, the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe, reside chiefly in the east of that continent but are also found in Asia east to the Pacific Ocean.

Slavs have their origin from the Indo-European family.

Table of contents

1 Ethno-cultural Subdivisions

2 The Slavic Homeland Debates

3 Naming and Etymologies

4 Early Migrations

5 Slavs in the Historical Period

6 Religion and alphabet

7 See also

Ethno-cultural Subdivisions

One can customarily divide the Slavs into the following subgroups:

East Slavs:

Russians,

Lippovan Russians,

Ukrainians,

Bukovci,
Ruthenes,

Belarusians.

Poleszuk

West Slavs:

Poles,

Czechs,

Moravians

Slovaks,
Sorbs (Lusatians, Serb-Lusatians).

Wends,

South Slavs:

Bulgarians,

Pomaks,

Bosniaks,
Croats,

Bunjevci,

Macedonians,
Serbs,

Montenegrins,
Gorani,

Slovenians,

The Slavic Homeland Debates

Two major historical theories address the issue of the original homeland of Slavs:

1.the autochthonic theory assumes that Slavs had lived north of the Carpathian Mountains since 1000 BC.

2.the allochthonic theory assumes that the Slavs came there in the 5th or 6th century AD.

Germans and different Slavic nations employed both theories as tools of political propaganda, resulting in general confusion. Some scientists (such as Kazimierz Godlowski or Zdenek Vana) consider both theories absurd: they think that Slavs as such appeared and differentiated themselves from other tribes at some time after 1AD. One theory suggests that two waves of Slavs existed: Proto-Slavs (called Wenetes or Veneds) and Slavs proper; and that these two groups mixed to become today's Slavs. That theory at least tries to deal with the very complicated questions arising from archeological findings in the area of the Slavic lands. Nobody knows for sure where the Slavs lived before their big expansion. Slavs first appeared in history living in the Pripiet Marshes area, but a considerable number of Southern Slavic words have Indo-Iranian links.

The opposite recent theory postulates an autochthonous Slavic origin from pre-glacial times. The Germanic and Rumanian populations, by this theory, would have arisen from the effect of language changes after conquest. This theory is based on genetic research and a theory of multi-regional human evolution instead of the "out of Africa" concept. The Slavic homeland, in this theory, would have included areas described by Tacitus as Germania. Tacitus wrote that Germania, as applied to all the Germanic peoples, was a relatively recent (1st century) coinage.

Still more confusion comes from the fact that some Slavic peoples originated as a result of complete assimilation of ancient non-Slavic peoples. For example, the roots of modern Bulgarians can be traced to Central-Asian Bulgars.

Naming and Etymologies

Slavs appeared in early histories as Venedes or Wends, but their connection to the Veneds mentioned by Tacitus, Ptolemy and Pliny, remains uncertain, and the similarity of the two names may have come about accidentally.

Controversy surrounds the connection between the Lugii and the Slavs. Some recent authors connect the Lugii with Slavs, some with Germans, and still others claim that they formed a compound tribe, or a confederation of tribes of different ethnicity. The Lugii or Lygii had earlier Celtic elements and were actually recorded as a part of the Vandals in Magna Germania, which included the territory of present-day Silesia (named for the Silingi-Vandals). The city of Legnica (Liegnitz) in Silesia may possibly commemorate the name of Lug, Ligo.

Some later writers recorded the names of Slavic peoples as Sclavens, Sclovene, and Ants. Jordanes mentions that the Venets sub-divided into three groups: the Venets, the Ants and the Sklavens. Traditionally the name "Venets" has become associated with the Western Slavs, "Sklavens" with the Southern Slavs, and the "Ants" (or "Antes") with the Eastern Slavs.

Even the origin of the word "Slav" remains controversial. In Slavic languages that word is "Slowianie", "Slovene", or something similar, with obvious similarities to word slowo or slovo meaning "word". Slowianie would mean "people who can speak", as opposed to the Slavic word for Germans, "Niemcy", that is, "dumb", "people who cannot speak" (compare the Greek coinage of the term "barbarian"). Another obvious similarity links "Slavs" to the word slawa or slava, that is "glory" or "praise" (with a root in common with slowo - someone glorious has a word, a tale, spreading about him). Some linguists believe, however, that these obvious connections mislead, despite the early translation of the Greek word orthodoxos ("Correct/right", "glorifying/praising") having its equivalent in pravoslavni with pravo meaning "right" or "correct" and slavni meaning "those who praise" or "those who glorify" [God].

The English word "slave" has its root in the Slavic ethnonym, because the Roman Empire often used Slavs as slaves. See this external etymology.

Early Migrations

Prehistorically, the Slavs, like all putative Indoeuropeans, inhabited a region in Asia, from which they migrated in the 3rd or 2nd millennium BC to populate parts of eastern Europe.

Subsequently, many peoples were forced by economic conditions to migrate, and passed through or settled in these European lands of the Slavs. In the middle of the 1st millennium BC, Celtic tribes settled along the upper Oder river (Odra), and Germanic tribes settled on the lower Vistula and lower Oder river, usually without displacing the Slavs there. The lands of the Elbe, Oder and Vistula Rivers all received the name Magna Germania 1900 years ago and later.

Finally, the movement westward of the Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries A.D. - necessitated by the onslaught of people from the Far East: Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Magyars - started the great migration of the Slavs, who proceeded in the Germans' wake westward into the country between the Odra and the Elbe-Saale line, southward into Bohemia, Moravia, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans, and northward along the upper Dnieper river.

Slavs in the Historical Period

When their migratory movements ended there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations, each headed by a prince with a treasury and defense force, and the beginning of class differentiation, with nobles who pledged allegiance to the Frankish and Holy Roman Emperors. Numerous Slavic place names of the Peloponesus date to the second century C.E.

Either Karantania or the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia) formed the first known Slavic states. In this period there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Blatensko Knezevstvo or the Severans, but the eventual expansion of the Magyars and the Romanians separated the northern and southern Slavs. An explanation of the distinction between the western and eastern Slavs remains to be written.

In the historic period scarcely any unity developed among the various Slavic peoples, although faint traces of co-operation sometimes appeared.

Because of vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic peoples, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation, which was never complete for many reasons. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics. The common Slavic experience of Soviet communism after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) didn't provide anything more than a high-level political and economic alliance, again hegemonic.

Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany claimed the racial superiority of the Germanic people, particularly over the Semitic and Slavic peoples. One major goal of the Nazi's ethnic programs was the enslavement of the Slavic peoples, and the reduction their numbers by killing the majority of the population. Hitler, as evidenced in Mein Kampf, had the aim that the Slavs serve the Third Reich as a permanent slave class.

Religion and alphabet

In religion, the Slavs traditionally divided into two main groups:

1.those associated with the Eastern Orthodox Church -- most Russians, most Ukrainians, most Belarusians, some Carpathorussians (Ruthenes), most Serbs, most Bulgarians and most Macedonians

2.those associated with the Roman Catholic Church (both Roman Catholic believers and Uniate adherents) -- Poles, some Sorbs, some Czechs, some Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes, some Ukrainians, a few Serbs, a few Macedonians and some Belarusians

The Orthodox/Catholic religious divisions become further exacerbated by the use of the Cyrillic alphabet by the Orthodox and Uniates (Greek Catholics) and of the Roman alphabet by Catholics.

However, the Sorbs profess Protestantism, as do most of the Czechs, certain Slovaks and a few Slovenes. The Bosniaks are Muslims. These minority religious groups use the Latin alphabet.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/Slavic_peoples#Slavs_in_the_Historical_PeriodSee also

THE ORIGIN OF SLAVIC NAMES.

JANNA : God is Gracious Gender : female Origin : Slavic	NEDA : Sunday Gender : female Origin : Slavic
JANA : God is Gracious. Gender : female Origin : Slavic	ANYA : From the name ANNA. Gender : female Origin : Slavic
LILIA : Lilac. Gender : female Origin : Slavic	TATIANA : Fairy Queen Gender : female Origin : Slavic

he today used names of Slavic paganism are many and often discussed. Each of them have apologists and opponents; some are well-grounded and all have goof refutation. That is why everybody decides for himself how to call the pagan tradition he follows. Here we can only express our view.
We will never find out for sure how ancient Slavs called their religion. It is not necesserily for them to have called it anyhow, as they knew no other religion and it was just an aspect of their life.
In our oppinion it is proper to name the ezichestvo with its own name - Ezichestvo ("heathendom"). The best reason for using this term is that it existed in our language for more than 1 000 years and means exactly the pre-christian religious system of our ancestors. In Old-Bulgarian (Old-Slavonic, Old Church Slavonic) the

word ieⁿzyku has three deffinitions: 1. Tongue (organ); 2. Language, speech; 3. Nation, tribe;

From this very third meaning was developed the term "ezichestvo" (people's tradition, national religion - native, not foreign as christianity or islam). And long time after the christianisation the ezichestvo existed precisely as people's faith, one of the the common people, but the christianity remained religion of the arhystocracy, adopted by the social elite, so it can be easier distinguished from the plebs.
Another good suggestion is the term rodoverie, i.e. "kin's faith" or "faith in the kin" (worshipping the clan). Both the deffinitions characterise the Slavic religion equally good, as it was the only faith of the clan, the faith, shared by the whole kin, the faith practised by the kin together, a faith seeking the clan's welfare and a faith deifiing the clan.
Not so adequate are wide spread names like rodna vera or rodNoverie. "Rodna", "rodno" means something dependent on the birth, something by birth, aquired with the fact of birth. Today most of us are orthodox or catholic Christians by birth, others are Muslims, and nobody is born pagan, by heritage. We are heathens by choice, by our own conviction, so the terms "rodna vera"/"rodnoverie" is not acceptable in our case.

http://ogneslav.tripod.com/home.html

INTRODUCTION

Some linguists have suggested that elements of Basque words can be detected in many East European names and words. In the following analysis of a number of Ukrainian, Russian and Polish names I searched for the Basque element and found that virtually all Slavic names are agglutinated using Basque vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) roots with frequent use of VCCV endings and with the vowels interlocking. This form of word agglutination was done with what I called the "VCV vowel interlocking formula". For more information, see the Ogam page.

NAMES ENDING IN "SKI"

A large number of names end in -ski, so let us look at the suffix "-ski", an ending common to Polish, Ukrainian, Serbian and Russian family names.

The suffix "-ski" can have many meanings in Basque.

The reader must keep in mind that the English "s" in Basque is spelled as "z" while the letter "s" in Basque is pronounced as a soft "sh".

This means that the Slavic suffix "-ski" may have originated from "-ski or -zki".

These two suffixes have a number of meanings in Basque:

aski  revenge, sufficient, frequently

azki  N.A.

eski  stairs, ladder, to offer

ezki  linden tree, irritable, small bell, belltower, bellringer

iski   pin, needlecase, weapon, joke, mockery

izki   shrimp, letter of alphabet, to write

oski  shoes, cobbler, coward, afraid

ozki  susceptible to the cold

uski  N.A.

uzki  anus, get lost!, remains, leftovers

Some examples of -ski names:

The "v" in Slavic names is always represented by a "b" in Basque, the "c" by a "k".
The “ b” in Slavic is “b”

The first meaning of the following name would be bog (god) liub (love) but let us follow the idea.

Bogolyubski, bog-oli-ub.-.ski,
bog     bog   boga            rower, boatman
oli     oli   oliodura        anointed, holy
ub.     ubi   ubil            whirlpool
.ski    iski iskirio         mockery, joke
(They made) a mockery of the holy boatman in the whirlpool.

une moquerie sur le saint batelier , pris dans le tourbillon.

This refers to the annual voluntary sacrifice of a young man in the whirlpool of Corryvreckan.

Gzovski, .g.-.zo-ob.-.ski,

.g.   ega    egarri          strong desire

.zo   azo    -azo            to bring about, to make happen

ob.   oba    obakuntza       improvement

.ski   aski   askietsi        sufficient, adequate

He has a strong desire to bring about adequate improvements.

Il a un fort désir de provoquer des améliorations substancielles.

Bogdan Khmelnitsky, , .bo-og.-.da.-an.  .k.-.h.-.me-el.-.ni-it.-.ski,

.bo     abo     aboskatu        to proclaim

og.     oga     ogasun          property, land

.da     ada     adarkadura      ramification

an.     ana     anaiguda        civil war

.k.     ako     akordio         agreement

.h.     oho     ohoragarri      honorable

.me     ome     omenaldi        tribute

el.     ela     ela             talk, negotiation

.ni     ani     anitz           many

it.     itxi    itxi            to abandon, to lay down

.ski    iski    iskilo          weapon

Proclaim our land at the outcome of the civil war.

Proclamez notre patrie,comme résultat de la guerre civile.

 The honorable agreement is a tribute to the many negotiations achieving the laying down of weapons.

L'accord honorable est un hommage aux nombreuses négociations  qui ont permit  le dépôt  bilatéral des armes.

Orlovski, or.-.lo-ob.-.ski,

or.  ora   oraindanik          from now on

.lo  alo   alokairu                salary

ob.  oba   obakuntza           improvement

.ski  aski    askiki                adequately

From now on my salary is adequately improved.

Pavlovski, .pa-ab.-.lo-ob.-.ski,

.pa      opa     opa izan          longing for

ab.     aba      abadune          opportunity

.lo     alo      alokairu          salary, earn money

ob.     oba      obakuntza        betterment, improvement

.ski aski aski         sufficient, enough

I am longing for an opportunity to earn a salary sufficient for improvement.

Palubiski, .pa-alu-ubi-is.-.ki,

.pa   ipa    ipartar         northern

alu   alu    alukeria        repulsive action

ubi   ubi    ubil        whirlpool

is.   isu        isuri           to inspire

.ki      uki     ukitu           to touch, to move

The repulsive action (i.e. sacrifice) in the northern whirlpool inspired and touched me.

Prezewalski, .p.-.re-eze-al.-.ski, (the "w" is usually meaningless)

.p. ape apellaniz         pasture

.re ere erreka            stream

eze eze ezeizabarrena     under the fir trees

al. ale aleketa           grain in abundance

.ski eski eskindu           to offer

In the pasture by the stream under the firs we offered them grain in abundance.

Starokadomski: .sta-aro-oka-ado-om.-.ski,

.sta esta estali           to shelter

aro aro aro              weather

oka oka okaztagarri      disgusting

ado ado adoretasun       courage

om. ome omen egin        to pay tribute

.ski eski eskini           offering, devotional

Sheltered from the disgusting weather we paid tribute (to their) courage with a devotional.

Stravinski, .s.-.tra-abi-in.-.ski,

.s. asa   asarredun      angered

.tra atra   atrapala            noise,  sound

abi abi   abiatsuki      impulsively

in. ina   inarrosketa        to shake

.ski aski   askitan            frequently, often

When angered by the sound, he often shook impulsively.

Riasanovski, .ri-asa-ano-ob.-.ski,

.ri iri irritsatu        to yearn for

asa asa asagotu          to go far away

ano ano ano              food supply

ob. oba oba              better

.ski aski    askiki           plentiful

He yearned to go far away with a better and more plentiful food supply.

Tchaikovski, txai-aiko-ob.-.ski,

txai txai txairo             graceful

aiko aiko aiko maikoka       making excuses

ob. oba obakuntza          improvement

.ski aski    aski           enough, satisfactory

Gracefully making excuses (and showing) satisfactory improvement.

It is safe to assume that all -ski names have such sentences written in them, although

not all yield their hidden sentence as readily as the ones above did.

NAMES ENDING IN "ITCH"

The ending "-itch" can also have several meanings. In Basque the sharp "sch" is
written as "x", which spelling will be used here:

itxa    to await, to hope, to trust, expectation, sea

itxe    N.A.

itxi     to shut in, to close, to abandon, to denounce, to permit

itxo    to wait, waiting room

itxu    aspect, appearance, absurd, similar, to simulate, hypocrite,

          imposter, pretense, to transform

Adamovitch, ada-amo-obi-itx.,

ada ada adatz             long hair, long braids

amo amo amona             grandmother

obi obi obi                grave

itx. itxi itxiarazi         to enclose

Grandmother's long braids were enclosed in her grave.

Mostovitch, .mo-os.-.to-obi-itx.,

.mo amo amona             grandmother

os. oso oso               simple

.to oto otoi          prayer

obi obi obi               grave

itx. itxi itxi          to close

(After) grandmother's simple prayer the grave was closed.

Rabinovitch, .ra-abi-ino-obi-itx.,

.ra era erauntsi          violent storm

abi abi abiatu            to begin

ino ino inon          somewhere

obi obi obiratu           to bury

itx. itxa itxaso            sea

A violent storm is beginning; bury (him) somewhere at sea.

Topalovitch, .to-opa-alo-abi-itx.

.to ato ator         Come!

opa opa opari egin       to give

alo alo alorgizon        farmer

obi obi obiratze         burial

itx. itxu itxurazko        decent

Come, let's give the farmer a decent burial.

'alo' could also stand for alogereko (mercenary):

Come let's give the mercenary a decent burial.

NAMES ENDING WITH "KO"

Another common ending is -ko which may come from:

ako: agreement, contract, tradition, memory
eko: to produce, fertile, ecology, economy, administrator
iko: lump, swelling, stonemason's hammer
oko: cattle stable, pasture next to the house, chin, dewlap
uko: refusal, negative, elbow

Atamanenko, ata-ama-ane-en-.-ko,
ata     ata    ataldu          to divide
ama     ama    ama             mother
ane     ane    anega           measure of grain
en.     ena    -ena plural     possessive suffix
.ko     ako    akordiozko      according to tradition, as usual
Mother divided our measure of grain according to tradition.

Macarenko, .ma-aka-are-en.-.ko,
.ma     ama    ama             mother
aka     aka    akabu          perfect
are     are    arrera         reception, welcome
en.     ene    enetan          always
.ko     eko    ekoizkor        productive, lavish, generous
Mother's perfect welcome was always generous.

SOME OTHER TYPICALLY SLAVIC NAMES

Baranof, .ba-ara-ano-ob.,
.ba     aba    abade          priest
ara     ara    arrapatu       to get drunk
ano     ano    ano            wine
ob.     oba    obaez          of course
The priest got drunk on wine, of course.

Baryluk, .ba-ari-ilu-uk.,

.ba eba ebaskindegi  hide-out

ari ari arinari eman to escape

ilu ilu iluntasun    darkness

uk. uka ukan     to have

He escaped from his hiding place during darkness.

Boyar, .bo-oia-ar.,

.bo     ebo     eboluzionatu    to develop, cultivate

oia     oia     oian            forest

ar.     ara     arazo           task

Cultivating the forest (is their) task.

Cossack,  ko-os.-.sa-ak.,

ko      ko      kontaezinbesteko innumerable, all the people

os.     osa     osatu           to unite

.sa     asa     asaben          ancestral

ak.     ako     akordu          tradition

Unite all the people in the ancestral tradition.

Dmitriev, .d.-.mi-it.-.ri-eb.,

.d. idu iduki        to have

.mi umi umiltasun    humility

it. ita itxaro       to trust

.ri ari -ari     mission

eb. eba ebanjelari   evangelist

Have humility, and trust in the evangelist's mission.

Dumala, .du-uma-ala,

.du idu iduki        to have

uma uma uma      child

 ala ala alaitu       to fill with joy

Having a child fills (me) with joy.

Dzogan, .d.-.zo-oga-an.,

.d.     ida     idatziz         to record

.zo     azo     azokalari       merchant

oga     oga     ogasun          wealth

an.     ane     anega           grain measure, supply

He records the wealthy merchant's grain supply.

Gorbachov, .go-orba-axo-ob.,

.go ego egoera       manner of behaving

orba orba orbaingabe   pure

axo axo axoladun careful, diligent

ob. obe obengabe blameless

His behaviour is pure, diligent and blameless.

Karasik, .ka-ara-asi-ik.,

.ka     ika     ikaserazi       to teach

ara     ara     arrai           gentle

asi     asi     asialdi         beginning

ik.     ika     ikasgale        desire to learn

Gentle teaching creates a desire to learn.

Korelus, .ko-ore-elu-us.,

.ko ako akorduan euki    to remember

ore ore orekan       to keep your balance

elu elu elurlera sled

us. usa usatu        to get used to

Remember to keep your balance when getting used to your sled.

Korolef, .ko-oro-ole-eb.,

.ko ako akorduan euki    to remember

oro oro oroegile Creator

ole ole oles egin    to call upon

eb. ebe ebertar      Hebrew, Jesus

Remember the Creator by calling upon Jesus.

Kowalchuk, .ko-al.-.txu-uk.,

.ko ako akorduan euki    to remember

al. ala alaitasun    happiness

.txu atxu atxuri       newborn lamb

uk. uki ukitu        to touch

Remember your happiness when you touched the newborn lamb?

Landau, .la-an.-.da-au

.la ala alabeharreko       unavoidable

an. ana anarkia            anarchy

.da ada adarkadura         ramification

au  au  auhen              lament, suffering

The unavoidable ramification of anarchy is suffering.

Ligachev, .li-iga-atxe-eb,

.li ili ilinti       fiery

iga iga igartze      prophesying

atxe atxe atxeki       to adhere to, to be determined

eba eba ebanjelari   evangelist

Fiery, determined, prophesying evangelist.

Mazowsze (Mazovshe), .ma-azo-ob.-.xe, (Polish singing/dancing group)

.ma ama amaikatxo    many

azo azo azoka        market day

ob. obe obeki        good

.xe exe exeri        to sit (and listen)

Many market days it is good to sit (and listen).

Monomakh, .mo-ono-oma-ak.-.h.,

.mo     amo     amodiotsu       loving

ono     ono     onon            wonderful

oma     oma     oma             grandmother, tribal mother

ak.     ako     akorduan euki   to remember

.h.     oha     ohardun         thoughtful

Remember our wonderfully thoughtful tribal mother.

Vladimir Monomakh was the grandson of Yaroslav the wise, the Great Lawgiver;

from his name I deduct that Yaroslav the Wise must have been a woman. See below.

Pashnik,(pasznik) .pa-ax.-.ni-ik.,

.pa opa opa izan         longing for

ax. axo axolagabetsu     carefree

.ni oni onik        safe

ik. ike ikertaldi       visit

Longing for a carefree and safe visit.

Pecheneg, .pe-eche-ene-eg.,

pe      pe      pena ukan       to suffer

exe     exe     exeri           to sit

ene     ene     -enerako        before

eg.     egu     egur            punishment

(Let them) sit and suffer before punishment.

Pierzchala, .pi-er.-.z.-.txa-ala,

.pi ipi ipini        to acquire

er. era erakuste education

.z. azi aziarazi to raise

.txa itxa itxaro       hope

ala ala alaitasun    happiness

Acquiring an education raises the hope for happiness.

Polovtsy, .bo-olo-ob.-.tsi,

.bo     ebo     eboluzionatu    to develop, process

olo     olo     olo             oats

ob.     oba     oba             better

.tsi    atsi    atximurkari     pincher, roller

You process the oats better in a roller.

Prokopchuk, .p.-.ro-oko-op.-.txu-uk.,

.p. opo oporrak      vacation

.ro oro oroitu       to remember

oko oko okolu        stable

op. opa opa izan to long for

.txu atxu atxuri       newborn lamb

uk. uki ukitu        to touch

Remember the stable on our vacation where you longed to touch the newborn lamb?

Ranogajek, .ra-ano-oga-aje-ek.,

.ra ara arrapatur    to get drunk

ano ano ano     wine

oga oga ogasun       homemade

aje aie aiene        grief, suffering

ek. eka ekarrarazi   to cause

Getting drunk on home-made wine causes grief.

Rasputin, .ra-as.-.pu-uti-in.,

.ra ara arakintza    massacre

as. asa asarrekeria  shocking

.pu apu apurtzaile   destructive

uti uti utikan       go away, get out!

in. ino inola        in any way possible

A shocking and destructive massacre! Get out in any way possible.

Razin, .ra-azi-in.,

.ra     ira     iraultzatu      to revolt

azi     azi     azitoki         birthplace

in.     ine     inertzia        downtrodden

Revolt for our downtrodden birthplace.

Shatalin, xa-ata-ali-in.

xa  xa  xalo     open/frank

ata ata atalgabeko   uncomplicated

ali ali alizan       capable

in. inu inuritze inspiring

"Uncomplicated, capable and inspiring".

Skorepa, .s.-.ko-ore-epa,

.s. asa asagotu      to go away

.ko ako akorduan euki    to remember

ore ore oren     hour

epa epa epaialdi trial

If you go away, remember the hour of the trial.

Slutskaya, .s.-.lu-uts.-.ka-aia,

.s. asa asaldagarri  shocking

.lu alu alukeria repulsive action

uts. utsi utziezin unavoidable

.ka ika ikara        terror, horror

aia aia aiaia        grief, suffering

The shockingly repulsive action caused unavoidable horror and suffering.

Stalin, .sta-ali-in.,

.sta     asta     astapotro    brutish, in a brutish way

ali      ali         alienatu to           kill a person

in.     ino          inola                 in any way possible

In a brutish way he kills people any way possible.

Tarasof, .ta-ara-aso-ob.,

.ta   ita    itxaro             to hope for

ara   ara    araberatasun       agreement

aso   azo    -azo                to bring about

ob.   oba        obakuntza               improvement

We hope for agreement to bring about improvement.

Volnitza, .bo-ol.-.ni-itza,

.bo     abo     aboskatu        to proclaim

ol.     ola     oleazio         destiny

.ni     eni     eni             to me, us

itza    itza    izaldun         honorable

Proclaim an honorable destiny for us.

Vsevolod and Mikhalko (brothers), .b.-.se-ebo-olo-od.  .mi-ik.-.ha-al.-.ko,

.b.     oba     obakuntza       improvement

.se     ase     aseguratu       to insure

ebo     ebo     eboluzionatu    the develop, produce

olo     olo     olo             oats

odi     odi     odi             tube, drum, rolled

The improvement insured the production of rolled oats.

.mi     ami     amilura         falling water

ik.     ika     ikaserazi       to teach

.ha     aha     ahalizan        to make possible

al.     ale     aleketa         abundance of grain

.ko     eko     ekoiztu         to produce, to process

He teaches how falling water makes it possible to process grain in abundance.

The translation of these names tell a very different story from that in the history books.

Yaroslav the Wise, .ja-aro-os.-.la-abe,

.ja     oja     oian            forest

aro     aro     arroztu         to exile

os.     osa     osatu           to unify, to unite

.la     ala     alafede         I swear to

ab.     abe     aberkide        fellow countrymen, patriots

The forest exile swore to unify the patriots.

From the name of her grandson, Monomakh, I deduct that Yaroslav was a wise tribal mother.

The true meaning of

Slav, os.-.la-av, osa-ala-abe is here revealed.  It has nothing to do with slavery, instead it means:

 "I swear to unite my fellow countrymen".

Zadaprushki, .za-ada-ap.-.ru-uxki,

.za aza azaluts          insincere

ada ada adarra sartu    to deceive

ap. ape apeta            tendency

.ru eru errukigabe      cruel, pitiless

uxki uxki uxkia miazkatzera get lost!

(You are) insincere and deceiving (and have) a tendency to be cruel; Get lost! (what a name!)

Zaporogian, .za-apo-oro-ogi-an.,

.za     oza     ozar            arrogant

apo     apo     apokeria        insult

oro     oro     orobatu         to unify

ogi     ogi     ogipuska        easygoing

an.     ana     anaitasun       brotherhood

Arrogant insults united the easygoing brotherhood.

SOME SLAVIC GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

Chernobil, txer.-.no-obi-il.

txe txerri   txerrizain   swineherd

.no ino inor     no-one

obi obi obi     grave

il. ile iletu        to mourn

No-one mourned at the grave of the swineherd.

Dniepr, d.n-ie.p-.r

d.n don donetsi      to bless, the blessed one

ie.p.    ihesp    ihespideto   means of escape

.r  ur  ur      water

The blessed one's means of escape was by water.

(Probably referring to the Priestess Medea who escaped with Jason up the Dniepr river after

taking the golden fleece from King Aietus. See "The Voyage of Argo" by Apollonius of Rhodes).

Donetz,

donetz       donetzi      to sanctify

The sanctified one.

Irkutsk, ir.-.ku-utsik,

ir.      iri     iri           city

.ku     iku      ikustatu to    visit

utsik    utsik    utsik        deserted

I visited the deserted city.

Kamchatka, .ka-am.-.txa-at.-.ka,

.ka ika ikaragarri   frightening

am. amo amorro       fury

.txa otxa otxoa        wolf

at. ate aterbegabe   unprotected, out in the open

.ka eka ekantze      to get used to.

Out in the open, the frightening fury of the wolves takes getting used to.

Kiev, .ki-eb.,

.ki    oki   okitu        totally, completely

eb.    eba   ebanjeliotu  to evangelize

Completely evangelized.

Okhotsk, ok.-.ho-otsk

ok.    oka        okaztagarri     disgusting

.ho    aho        ahozagarri      astonishing

otsk     otsok     otsok           brutality

Astonishingly disgusting brutality.

Taymyr, tai.-.mi-ir.,

tai.    taiu     taiuera       size, appearance

.mi    umi      umildu        to humble

ir.   ira       iraganaldi    migration, migrating herd

The size of the migrating herd is humbling.

Vladivostok, .b.-.la-adi bo-osto-ok.,

.b.    aba      abaroan egon    to take refuge

.la    ala       alabearreko       necessary

adi    adi     adi               watch out!

bo     bo      bortxakeria       violence

osto     osto ostosketa       rolling of the thunder

ok.    oki     okildu            to be frightened

Watch out! It's necessary to take refuge. The violence of the thunder is frightening.

WHO MADE UP THESE NAMES?

It is obvious that these names could not have been invented by the people themselves. The system of agglutination is exactly the same as was used by the Benedictines and their grammarians in western Europe. It is well-known that there was close cooperation between the eastern and western Christian churches in the 10th and 11th centuries, especially between the Pannonhalma Benedictines in Hungary and the monks from the Tyniec monastery in Poland and Kiev. The Kiev monastery of Pecherskaia Lavra was established in 1040, a few decades after these other two monasteries and the required linguists were apparently sent from there to Kiev to train the monks in the use of the Basque language. The early cooperation is still remembered because in the summer of 1996 the head of the Russian church planned to attend, with the Pope, the 1000 year celebrations at Pannonhalma. Unfortunately, illness prevented the historic meeting from happening. There was probably no longer a source of educated Saharan/Basque speakers in Russia, so either these specialists were recruited in Liguria (northern Italy) and Euskadi (northern Spain) and sent east, or the linguists worked from Basque dictionaries, without being able to speak the language. Possibly some of both happened.