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the free encyclopedia.
Many historians
consider the Huns the first Turkic
people mentioned in history. References in Chinese sources to peoples
called the Xiong-Nu
(Hsiung-nu) go back to 1200 BC. Their Xiong (匈) rulers, first mentioned as a family in 1766 BC in the
story of Chunwei and the fall of the Xia dynasty, may be the ancestors of the
later, better-known (to western scholars) Huns, though not all scholars agree.
Korean legend takes the stand that an alliance of northern Altaic tribes under
a "Huan" ruler from 7193 BC pre-dated the
establishment of China.
A group called the European Huns
and led by Attila the Hun is considered, with little certainty,
to be the western extension of the royal Xiong family centered around Karaganda.
Establishment of the first Hun state is one of the first well-documented
appearances of the culture of horseback migration
in history. These tribespeople achieved superiority over their rivals (most of
them highly cultured) by their splendid state of readiness and amazing
mobility. According to traditional Hungarian history, the Huns, Sabirs, Magyars, and Avars were all part of
the same people.
Attila's European Huns, like the
eastern Xiong's 'Nu'
(奴 i.e. slaves)
formed from groups of unrelated tributary peoples. In the European case Alans, Slavs and especially Gothic tribes all
united under the Hun family military elite. Subsequently the term
"Huns" became one of the derogatory terms for Germans (see,
for example, "Kraut"). Allied
Forces during World War I and World
War II commonly used the name, but this usage has declined recently.
The earliest reference in Chinese
sources to a people called the Xiong-Nu (Hsiung-nu) goes back
to early 12th century BC, in writings about the campaign by
King Wuding (武丁 wu3
ding1) of the Shang Dynasty against the Gui Fang 鬼方 (gui3 fang1) tribe, which is regarded as
a name of one of the Huns' vassal Nu (奴) tribes. Some
vague archeological
sources support this account, but await verification. Bronze incriptions and
oracle turtle-back bones from polytheistic worship prove the historical
existence of the campaign but the Gui Fang did not necessarily equate to the
core Hun clan per se.
Many scholars identify the Xiong Nu
Xiong with the Huns because of similar descriptions of their appearance and
living habits. (more input here....) Other scholars, confusing the Xiong with
their Nu serf
and vassal tribes, find differences. Still others argue that any common
appearance and habits also appear among various other tribes residing on the Mongolian
steppes, rather than identifying characteristics specific to the Xiong and the
Huns. Nevertheless, all agree that the two peoples shared aspects that are more
than a coincidence.
With the exception of the 43-118 AD
"North-South" feud, the Hun dynasty survived as a fairly tightly-knit
political power
until the 4th C. when the NU(奴) tribes decisively threw off the yoke of
the Xiong dynasty. Whether increasing squabbling amongst the Xiong dynasty
caused their subjects to lose faith in them, or some other cause occurred, Hun
unity came to an end. The rock was shattered and clans claiming the Hun name
(Hunnoi, Chionites, Choni, Xiong etc.) dispersed as nothing more than piratical
raiding bands. They appear south in Persia (the Xiyon
camel tribes -- Chionites -- in AD 320, also known as Red Huns), while a portion remained east in
China (the Xiong deer people), and finally in one last brilliant flare west in Russia (the Hun
horse tribes in AD 360).
The Hua managed to succeed
to the Hun heritage in a campaign which spread from Bactria to
Europe. After the failure of Xiong's Zhou county the influence of the Hua
dragon tribe started to expand. The influence of the northern deer-people
retreated north up the Yenisei as the Hua chased a western portion of the Hunnoi
(Alchon/Alchoni often called "White Huns" and confused with Hephthalites)
into what is present-day Uzbekistan in the late 4th
century, while the easternmost branch would later found the Xiong's last
eastern dynasty Xia (407-431). The colors of the
European Persian, Bactrian and Chinese Hun tribes may have something to do with
their flank designations. Though apparently fleeing China from the Hua in the
mid-4th century, later the Huns' Alchon component are recorded as in union with
them (Varkun) against the western-most branch.
By 460 the Hua had begun to
take over Central Eurasia. The Yuezhi's Hephthal family had become their ruling clan in Xinjiang by 507 and sometime during
his rule (507-531) the Hua, now a unit
with the Choni, left under Sarosios's father to conquer the Hunnic dregs in the
West, leaving their Hephthalite brethren to fend off Juan Juan
advances alone and relocate their seat of power with the Indian branch.
After this the Huns as a power
unit disappear from history, though certain nations and noble families of
Turanian origin continued to carry variations of the name into the present.
For more information on the
formation of the eastern Huns' 'NU'(奴)
empire see also: Wu
Hu
(needs
correction)
c. 1800-1766BC Chungvi/Chunwei/Sunni mythology places
? - 270? BCE Kia?
270 - 240? Tangriqut?
240 - 209 頭曼(Tumen/Tu-Man Tengriqut)
209 - 174 Mo-Tun/MAO-TUN/Batur Tengriqut/(冒顿)
174 - 161 Ki-Ok/Kokkhan/(老上)
161 - 126 Chun-Chin/Kunkhan/(車臣)
126 - 114 I-Tsin-Xien/El'chishye/伊稚邪
114 - 105 Wu-Wey/Uvey/烏維
105 - 102/1 Wu-Shi-Lu-Ir/Uyshilar/烏師盧
102/1 - 101/0 Zhou-Li-Hu/Kulighu/(口句)黎湖
101/0 - 96 Chu-Di-Hu/Qutighu/且提侯
96 Possible unknown ruler
96 - 85 Hu-Lu-Ku/Hulugu/狐鹿姑
85 - 68 Huandi/Chuangdi/壺衍提
68 - 60 Hsu-Lu and Chuan-Chou/Shuluy Qanghuy/虛閭權渠
60 - 58 Uyanquti/握衍(月句)提
58 - 31 Ho-Han-Yeh/Khukhenye I/呼韓邪 opposed by...
Bosiuytang-Zhuki (West) 58 - 56 and...
Huge (Northwest) 58 - 57 and...
Cheli (Southwest) 58 - 56 and...
Uji (Northwest) 58 - 57 then..
Zhunzhen (West) 56 - 54 and...
Zhizhi-Guduhu (East) 55 - 47
31 - 20 Fu-Chu-Ley-Ju-Di/Pozhulonuti/復株累若提
20 - 12 Su-Xie-Ju-Di/Shuzhunoti/搜諧若提
12 - 8 Che-Ya-Ju-Di/Qiyanoti/車牙若提 opposed by...
Ulunoti/烏累若提 11 - 10
8 BCE - 13 CE Wu-Zhou-Liu-Ju-Di/Uchilonoti/烏珠留若提
13 - 18 Wu-Ley-Ju-Di/Ulunoti/烏累若提 (restored)
18 - 46 HuTuIrShiTaoGaoJuDi/GhuduarshiDavganoti/呼都而尸道皋若提 opposed by...
Xiuybudan 18 - 19 then...
Udatqu 21 - 46
46 Wu-Ta-Ti-Ho 烏達提侯
46 - 48 Pu-Nu/Panu/蒲奴
From 48CE, the
Hsiung-Nu began a North-South feud which lasted until 98CE
Rulers of the Northern (or
"Western") Xiong-Nu:
48 - 83 Pu-Nu/Panu/蒲奴
83 - 84 Sanmolo Otzi/San-Mu-Lu-Tzi
84 - 89 Ulugh/Yu-Liu
89 - 91/3? Yu-Chou-Chien
91CE The
Xionu/Xiuno/Hunnoi first appeared in the west near the Caspian
Sea as a result of 班超 PanChao's campaign.
91-93 El'tekin
93-98 Panghu(?Finghay?)
98-118 Finghay (united North & South) opposed WanSiJuTi
Rulers of the Southern (or Eastern)
Xiong-Nu:
48-56/55 Hu-Han-Sie-Di/Khukhenye II/呼韓邪 (第二)
55/56-56/57 Chiu-Fu-Yu-Di/Chupunoti/丘浮尤提
56/57-59 I-Fa-Yu-Di/Ilgha Uluti/伊伐於慮提
59-63 XienTungShiChouTi/ShtongsiSuyghuti/醢僮尸逐侯提
63 Kuchi Qilindi/丘除車林提
63-85 HuYehShihChouHuTi/GhushiShisu Quti/湖邪尸逐侯提
85-88 I-Tu-Yi-Lu/Iltu Uluti/伊屠於閭提
88-93 Xiu-Lan-Shi-Hu-Di/Shulan Shisu Quti/休蘭尸逐侯提
93-94 An-Gao/Arqu/安國
94-98 TindushsuQuti/TingTuShiJuHuTi/亭獨尸逐侯提 deposed by...
98-118 Finghey (Panghu?) opposed by...
Wanchi Shisu Quti/Wan-Si-Ju-Ti/萬氏尸逐侯提 from 98CE
Hereafter, the
Western/Northern tangriquts are no-more & the Eastern Tangriquts take over
the whole empire. Wanchi Shisu Quti inherited Finghey's united empire in 118
but it was never what it used to be.
Reunited Xiongnu
118-124 Wanchi Shisu Quti/Wan-Si-Ju-Ti/萬氏尸逐侯提
124-127/128 Wu-Chi-Hu-Shi-Jo/Uzhqushsu Quti/烏稽侯尸逐提
127/128-140/142 Chu-Chi-Ju-Shi-Ju-Ju-Chin/Kutino Shisu Quti/去特若尸逐就
140 - 143 Chu-Xiu
Some sources
indicate that in 140 AD, after Kutino Shisu Quti committed suicide, Tengriqut
was not elected and the Hun throne remained vacant till 143 AD.
143-147 Hu-Lan-Ju-Shi-Ju-Ju-Chin/Ghoranno Shisu Quti/呼蘭若尸逐就
147-172/177 I-Ling-Shi-Chou-Chin/Illin Shisu Quti/伊陵若尸逐就
172-177/178 Utno Shisu Quti/屠特若尸逐就
177/178-179 Hu-Ching/Ghuzhin/呼徵
179-188 Chiang-Chu/Qanquy/羌渠
188-195 Di-Chi-Shi-Chou-Hu/Qizi Shisu Quti/特至尸逐侯
195-215/6 Hu-Chou-Chuan/Ghochuqan/呼廚泉
215-290 Xiongnu partitioned into 5 local tribes
290 Xiongnu reunified
Liu Yuan-Hai (刘元海) or Liu Yuan (劉淵)..290 Beihan Emperor 304-309 d.310
309-310 Liu He (刘和)
310-318 Liu Tsung (劉聰)
318 Liu Ts'an (劉粲)
Bei Han is known
from 319 as "Former Zhao". During this dynasty Xiyonites/Chionites or
Red Huns start to bother Persia. The sovereignty of Han and Former
Zhao was collectively known as the Han Zhao.
318-329 Liu Yao (劉曜) opposed by....
319-333 Kao Tsu (高祖)
333-334 Hai-Yang Wang (海陽王)
334-349 T'ai Tsu (太祖)
349 Shih Shih (石世)
349 Shih Tsun (石遵)
349-350 Shih Chien (石鑒)
350 Shih Chih (石祗)
350-352 Ran Min (冉閔) or Shih Min (石閔)
The Hua &
Xiong divided the Huns and drove most of the remaining Huns westwards out
of China during their expansion. Kama was a legendary ancestor-King, mentioned
in Eastern Hunnic sources, particularly among those who formed the Altyn Oba
Horde. There is no one among the Hsiung rulers whose name sounds much like "Kama
Tarkhan", but if he existed, he might have been the otherwise unnamed
chief who took the Huns westward, into the Ukrainian
steppes. He may have been the ruler of Alchoni who pushed the Kidarite Huns
into India. His realm may therefore have spread from the Ukraine to Bactria.
Any last remnants of the Huns east of the Hua in China managed to
raise their heads again from 407 - 431 as the Hun Xia dynasty before coming
under the Juan
Juan. They (the Deer) later absorbed a Turkic (Blue Wolf) influence and
later emerged as the Mongols. Interestingly some Hunnic vocabulary documented
by the Chinese still occurs in Japanese while Hungarian allegedly has some words in common
with Xia.
352-? Kama Tarkhan
fl. ?-370 Balamber
fl. 370's-380s Alypbi
c. 390 ?-c. 411 Uldin (Khan of the Western Huns)
? -412 Donatus (Khan of the Eastern <Black Sea> Huns)
c. 411 Charaton
? - ? Octar
fl. 432 Ruga
c. 437-c. 444 Bleda with...
c. 437-453 Attila (Idil)
453-c. 455 Ellac
fl. c. 457 Tuldila
?-469 Dengizich with...
?- < 469 Hernach
fl. late 5thC. Tingiz with...
fl. late 5thC. Belkermak
fl. late 490s Djurash
fl. early 500s Tatra
? Boyan Chelbir
fl. early500s - mid500s Sandilkh (Khan of the Utrigurs)
Division into
Utrigur, east Don, and Kutrigur, west Don, hordes
fl. 560s Zabergan (Khan of the Kutrigurs)
c. 565-c. 600 Bayan 1 (of the Avars)
Chaotic
conditions followed the rise of Avar power in Europe, and the time of the Huns came to a close.
Whether the Onoghur
were truely a Hun, Bolgar,
or proto-Magyar rather than Avar reign remains a matter of debate. However it is from their
name that the name Hungary derives, allowing some space for their inclusion in
the list of Hun Dynasties.