http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/bulmera/gtp2652.html
Edla Princess Of The
WENDS
Born:
Abt 985 - Of, , Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany
http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/bulmera/gtp2649.html
http://www.wildlands.com/new/history_of_province.html
Edla was Olav's
concubine. She came from Vendland.
From Snorre Sturlasson,
Olav den helliges saga:
"89. OF THE SWEDISH KING'S CHILDREN.
This Swedish king, Olaf Eirikson,
had first a concubine who was called Edla, a daughter
of an earl of Vindland, who had been captured in war,
and therefore was called the king's slave-girl. Their children were Emund, Astrid, Holmfrid.
..."
Edla had a child with Olof Skötkonung Eriksson of
http://nygaard.howards.net/files/2/1853.htm
Died: -
Other Spouses:
TRYGGVESON, OLAF , KING
OF
Birth : 963
Death : 1000
Gender: Male
Parents:
Father: OLAVSSON, TRYGGVE
Mother: ERIKSDATTER, AASTRID
Family:
Spouse:
GEIRA, QUEEN OF
VINDLAND
Death : 984
Gender: Female
Parents:
Father: BURIZLEIF, KING OF VINDLAND
Family:
Marriage: 988 in
Spouse:
GYDA,
Gender: Female
Parents:
Father: KRAVAN, OLAF ,
KING OF DUBLIN
Family:
Marriage:
999 in
Spouse:
THYRE,
Gender: Female
SIGURDSON,
HAKON , JARL OF
Birth : ABT. 935
Death : ABT. 995
Gender: Male
Parents:
Father: HAKONSON, SIGURD
Mother: THORERSDOTTIR, BERGLJOT
Family:
Spouse:
MAGNUSDATTER,
RAGNHILD
Gender: Female
Parents:
Father: OLAVSON, MAGNUS ,
THE GOOD KING
Children:
Family:
Spouse:
MAGNUSDOTTIR,
RAGNHILD
Birth : ABT. 935
Gender: Female
Children:
HAKONSON,
EIRIK
Birth : ABT. 960
Gender: Male
HAKONSDOTTIR, RAGNHILD
Mieszko
I (między 920 a 940-992), książę
polski od
960, syn Siemomysła, pierwszy znany władca państwa polskiego z dynastii Piastów. Zjednoczył ziemie plemion zamieszkujących Wielkopolskę,
Kujawy...
IF we go back to the middle
of the ninth century we find what is now
last battle was a naval engagement at Hafursfjord, near
Here it is proper to add
that the Norsemen were the discoverers of pelagic navigation. Let me here state
with all the emphasis that I am able to compress into so many words, that the
navigation of the ocean was discovered by the old Norse Vikings. Before them,
the only navigation known was coast navigation. The Norsemen were excellent
ship-builders and knew how to calculate time by the sun, moon and stars, and
into every history of the world, and into every encyclopedia
I would have the fact conspicuously stated that pelagic navigation was
discovered by the Norsemen.
miles--the sailors would occasionally be
overtaken by cloudy and stormy weather and drift beyond
If the reader will now go
with me to the southwestern part of
question with his companions, they agreed on
naming the country
Erik the Red returned to
once set sail from
Erik the Red was the chief
of the colony in
In the year 1000, the same
year as that in which Christianity was adopted as the religion of
met the king, and the king
became very fond of him. He persuaded Leif to accept the Christian religion and
be baptised. Then King Olaf sent for Leif and told
him that he had a double mission for him. "In the first place," said
King Olaf, "I want you to go, and look up those
lands which were seen by Bjarne and secure more
definite information about them, and in the second place, I want you to go as a
missionary to
Leif agreed to carry out
the king's wishes. In the summer of the year 1000 he set sail for the far West.
He decided to investigate the lands seen by Bjarne
before going to
ship. As the reader will
see, this can be applied to the Boston Harbor, to the
Charles River between Boston and Cambridgeport, to
the Back Bay between Boston and Cambridge and to the Charles River up as far as
Gerry's Landing, near which our Professor Horsford.
claimed to have found the site of Leif Erikson's
house and fireplace.
After having landed, Leif Erikson and his party, thirty-one in number, pulled the
vessel ashore and at once went to work to build a house for the winter. The
party was divided into two groups to explore the country in different
directions on alternate days. On one evening, when the exploring party returned
to the camp, one man was missing. This was a German, by name Tyrker, who, though a prisoner of war, was Leif Erikson's special favorite. Leif Erikson became very much alarmed and anxious He feared that
Tyrker might have been slain by natives or devoured
by wild beasts. Therefore with his men Leif immediately set out in search of Tyrker. But they had not gone far from the camp, when they
met their missing fellow mate in a very excited state of mind. The cause of his
excitement was the fact that he had found ripe wild-grapes. He had his arms
full of grapes, and was devouring the fruit with all his might, and when spoken
to by Leif Erikson, he only answered in his native
tongue, "Weintrauben! Weintrauben!!
Weintrauben!!!" He was born in a country where the grape grew, and,
having been absent from
sagas tell us that grapes were found in
great abundance on every hand, and from this circumstance Leif gave the country
the name of
The sagas give very full
and interesting accounts of the various products of
In the spring Leif Erikson loaded his vessel with as much timber as it would
carry and, in obedience to the instructions of King Olaf, proceeded
to
In the
[paragraph continues]
Two years later, 1005, it
was decided that the youngest brother, Thorstein,
should proceed to
Leif Erikson
and his sister-in-law, Gudrid, lived at the farm Brattahlid in
name was Thorfin Karlsefni. He visited frequently
at Brattahlid, and with each visit his admiration of Gudrid increased. The spark of love soon grew into an
uncontrollable flame and he asked the young widow to become his wife. The
matter was referred to Leif Erikson, who had the
disposal of his sister-in-law, and he at once consented, and accordingly the
nuptials of Gudrid and Thorfin
were celebrated in grand style during the Christian holidays of the year 1006.
The honeymoon was spent in Greenland, and I fancy that when the sun's rays
began to warm the atmosphere the following spring that the young couple took
many a walk on the sea shore, and I take it also that much of their
conversation turned on Vinland, the Good, and the
prospects offered for founding a settlement in that beautiful and fertile
country. Gudrid was a bright and enterprising young
woman and, while there is no record of the fact, I can imagine that she looked
smiling into Thorfin's face and talked to him
somewhat in this fashion: "I wonder that you, Thorfin,
with all your wealth and with all your splendid men should choose to live in
this Godforsaken country instead of seeking out the famous Vinland
and planting a colony there. Just think what an agreeable change it would be
for all of us! Thick and leafy woods instead of these willow bushes that are
good for nothing except to save our cattle from starvation when the hay crop
gives out. Longer summers and shorter and less cold winters instead of the
barren wastes of this country. Surely, I think this land was woefully misnamed
when Erik the Red called it
Of course Gudrid pleaded as only a woman can plead, and Thorfin was persuaded. He resolved to plant a colony in
The sagas--that is to, say,
the histories--written in Iceland, describing these voyages of the Norsemen,
give very full accounts of the daily life in the Vinland
colony, of the explorations, of the natives of America, of the various kinds of
products of the soil, of the climate, etc., and it is interesting to read these
first recorded descriptions of a land that has since become so prominent in the
history of the world, and which is now so dear to all of us who call it our
home.
The sagas tell of various
other voyages to
The last expedition
mentioned in the sagas was in 1347, 145 years before the rediscovery by
so much decimated the
population of all European countries that much time was required for
recuperation. It took more than one hundred years for
If the communication
between the north of Europe and Greenland and Vinland
could have been continued a hundred years longer, that is, until the middle of
the fifteenth century, or until the countries had recuperated from the ravages
of the black plague and until after the discovery of the compass and of powder
and fire arms, then there is no doubt but that the Norse colonies would
have become permanent, and
In this connection it is
interesting to note the fact that the first white man to visit the extreme
western part of
"Truth crushed to
earth will rise again." The facts of these Norse voyages have long lain
darkened and hid
in old neglected libraries,
and so truth may long lie unknown under the dust and rubbish of the ages; but
it is like a ray of light from a star in some far-off region of the universe. After
thousands of years that ray reaches some other heavenly body and gives it
light.
Christophe Collomb ne fut pas vraiment
le premier homme à atteindre l'Amérique. 500 ans auparavant, des Vikings
avaient abordés les rivages du Nouveau Monde.
L'un d'eux était Leif Erikson, fils du navigateur Erik le Rouge.
Leif atteignit l'Amérique tout comme Christophe Collomb, c'est-à-dire, sans
vraiment avoir cherché à l'atteindre.
I LEIF ERIKSON
LEIF ERIKSON:
Marin norvégien(975-1020), qui découvrit l'Amérique vers l'an 1000.
Le roi de Norvège prit Leif Erikson en amitié et le convia à la cour. Mais Leif,
assoiffé de découvertes et appelé par le large, décidait de retourner chez lui,
sur les grands pâturages du Groënland. C'est là que la traversée fut si agitée
qu'il aborda une côte
jusque là inconnue.
Leif navigua le long du rivage pendant plusieurs semaines et nomma trois
régions de cette nouvelle terre : Vinland, le pays des vignobles.
Maskland, le pays du bois.
Helluland, le pays de la pierre plate.
Vinland était sans doute Cap Cod, Maskland devait être la
Nouvelle-Ecosse,
et Helluland, Terre-Neuve ou le Labrador. Leif réussit à regagner le
Groënland. Son récit engagea son frère à partir pour la Nouvelle Terre ;
Celui-ci n'eut pas autant de chance que Leif, puisqu'ayant fondé une
colonie
sur place, il se heurta aux autochtones, hostiles à leur présence. Les
indigènes furent massacrés, mais la colère du peuple primitif(skraeling) les
força à reprendre la mer. Seul périt le frère de Leif. Ces aventures n'eurent
alors pas de suite, et restèrent alors ignorées dans le reste de
l'Europe.
L'Amérique resta inconnue jusqu'à l'histoire de Collomb qui a fit connaître au
monde, prenant cette Terre pour l'Inde.
En 1963, toutefois, des archéologues découvrirent les ruines d'une colonie de
type viking à L'Anse-aux-Meadows, dans le nord de Terre-Neuve, qui correspond à
la description que fit Leif de Vinland.
Lors de son voyage de retour, Leif sauva l'équipage d'un navire marchand
naufragé?; pour cet exploit, on lui donna la totalité des riches marchandises
affrétées et le surnom de Leif le Chanceux.
II LA NAVIGATION VIKING
1: La construction navale
A la fin de l'hiver, en avril, un sacrifice de victoire était offert pour
demander la réussite des combat de l'été, puis les hommes construisaient ou
réparairent leurs bateaux.
Les Vikings aimaient beaucoup leurs bateaux. Ils leurs donnaient des noms comme
"Corbeau du vent" et "Bisons des mers".
Des décorations, telles que des dragons en or et des sculptures, etaient
ajoutées. Lorsqu'un navire viking quittait le port, les femmes venaient sur la
gève pour regarder fièrement les guerrier s'éloigner en ramant. Tous les
garçons rêvaient de devenir capitaine d'un vaisseaux viking.
Il y avait plusieurs sortes de navires dont les bateaux de pêche, les navires
de guerre et de commerce.
Les plus longs navires de guerre mesuraient 55 m de long(Le long serpent, qui
appartenait au roi Olaf Trygvesson de Norvège mesurait 37m de long). Une
embarcation découverte à Gokstad, en norvège, avait 23m de long.
Les navires des Vikings terrifiaient leurs ennemis.Leurs proues étaient souvent
sculptée pour ressembler a des têtes de dragons; les voiles représentaient
leurs ailes et les avirons, leurs pattes. Il arrivait, cependant, que la proue
soit unie ou scultée en forme d'homme ou de bison.
2: Comment les Vikings naviguaient-t-ils ?
Les émigrants naviguaient sur des navires appelés knorrs. Ils transportaient
avec eux les piliers sculptés de leurs longues maisons, des animaux, des
graines, des métiers à tisser, des pierres à aiguiser les couteaux, et des
soufflets pour la forge. Dans la cale, il y avait les outils qu'ils ne
pourraient pas fabriquer avant que la colonie ne soit établie: des haches, des
pelles, des épées, des chaudrons et des socs pour les charrues.
Les voyages en mer étaient risqués, Nul ne savait très bien comment les Vikings
naviguaient, mais trois cents ans plus tard, les instructions données aux
marins n'étaient pas plus scientifiques que celle-ci: "On fait voile assez
loin au sud des Féroé pour que le niveau de la mer arrive à la moitié de la
hauteur des montagnes. " Les Vikings se servaient d'un gouvernail en bois
qui ressemblait à une pale d'aviron placée à la droite du bateau.
Il fallait un certain courage pour traverser la mer dans un bateau qui ne
mesurait pas plus de 23 m de long. Les vagues pouvaient atteindre 30 m et les
naufrages étaient fréquents. L'espoir d'être secouru par un bateau était très
mince.
Il n'y avait pas beaucoup de place à bord et il faisait souvent froid, même si
chaque passager avait un sac de couchage en cuir pour se protéger des
intempéries. Les marins se nourrissaient de poisson séché, de viandes salées,
de babeurre et de pain de seigle dur. De gros tonneaux contenaient les rations
d'eau. L'équipage préparait à tour de rôle les repas qui ne pouvaient être
cuits à cause des risques d'incendie.
Lorsque la terre est en vue, les piliers sacrés sont jetés par-dessus bord.
Les colons débarqueront là où les courants les poussent.
III l'expansion viking
Vikings ou Scandinaves, appellation collective donnée aux navigateurs et
marchands scandinaves qui ont sillonné les mers de la fin du VIIIe siècle
au début du XIe siècle.
Appelée (époque viking), cette période a longtemps été associée dans l’esprit
populaire à une piraterie sans limites, même si les Vikings restent avant tout
des commerçants. Des études modernes mettent en valeur les réalisations de
l’époque viking, notamment en termes d’art, de technique, de technologie
maritime, d'exploration et de commerce.
Le mot "Viking" provient peut-être du vieux danois "vik",
qui signifie baie ou crique, ou du haut-anglais "wic", qui signifie
comptoir fortifié, mais plus vraisemblablement, il a pour origine le vieux
norrois "vikingar", les hommes qui vont de vicus en vicus, un vicus
étant une ville-comptoir.
Les motifs de l'expansion des Vikings sont divers : manque de terre en
Scandinavie, augmentation de la production de fer et besoin de nouveaux
débouchés commerciaux ont probablement concouru aux explorations vikings.
Même si les historiens actuels supputent les premiers déplacements vikings bien
antérieurs, le premier raid connu des Vikings à bord de leur knörr ou skeid (et
non drakkar) est mené en 793 par des marins norvégiens sur l'île sainte de Lindisfarne,
au large de l’extrémité nord-est de l’Angleterre.
Puis, au IXe siècle, des navigateurs suédois pénètrent au cœur de la Russie,
découvrant de nouvelles routes commerciales le long de la Volga et du Dniepr,
fondant des cités-États comme Kiev et Novgorod, et ouvrant la voie vers
Constantinople et les marchés exotiques d’Arabie et d’Extrême-Orient. Connus
sous le nom de Varègues en Europe orientale, ces Vikings forment la garde
rapprochée d’élite des empereurs byzantins.
Bientôt, des Danois s’attaquent aux cités de l’Empire carolingien en déclin
(Hambourg, Dorestad, Rouen, Paris, Nantes, Bordeaux). Finalement, en 911 sera
signé un traité leur accordant de vastes territoires en France septentrionale
(actuelle Normandie, «?pays des Normands) où ils s’établiront.
Sous le règne de Canut le Grand, au XIe siècle, un Empire scandinave de la
mer du Nord est érigé, comprenant l’Angleterre, le Danemark et la Norvège. Les
aventuriers norvégiens se joignent aux Vikings danois pour soumettre l’ensemble
du nord de l’Angleterre (le Danelaw). Ils s’y établissent comme fermiers ou
commerçants et développent de grandes villes comme York. Ils s'emparent
également des îles Shetland et Orcades, des Hébrides et de la majeure partie de
l’Écosse. En Irlande, ils jouent un †rôle actif dans les querelles meurtrières
entre des clans irlandais rivaux, et bâtissent les premières cités commerciales
d'Irlande (Dublin, Waterford, Wexford, Wicklow et Limerick). Ils découvrent et
s’établissent dans les terres inhabitées de l’Atlantique — les Féroé, puis
l’Islande et le Groenland. C’est à partir de ce dernier qu’ils lancent
d’ambitieuses expéditions pour s’établir sur le littoral oriental de l’Amérique
du Nord (Vinland), mais ces tentatives de coloniser le Nouveau Monde
— cinq siècles avant Christophe Colomb — sont rapidement abandonnées
face à l’hostilité des indigènes.
C'est pour cela que cette expéditions fut ignorée dans le reste de l'Europe.
C'est seulement en 1963 que l'on découvre des ruines d'une colonie viking au
nord de Terre-Neuve.
Christophe Colomb n'est pas le premier homme à découvrir l'Amérique.
The Largs connection - pure accident -1263. Largs
was not the usual target. The mainland was protected by a Treaty. King Haakons Expedition - Last Viking Fling and was no surprise.
Why
are we interested?
It is
good to know your roots, your history, my own history back two generations to
South Uist. I've never been there. Mallaig is full of McEachans -
McDonalds. Summerled, a Viking Gael, head of
McDonalds had a nasty end. In 1163 he invaded the
I
know it goes back further and the more you see the more you know you are part
of that mixture that is Scottish - Celts - Picts -
Scots - Vikings.
The
Vikings - where did they come from? When?
Isolated
in their own homelands to the North of civilised
All
of these developed and made them what they were. Brave,
adventurous, willing to die - the promise of
But
more than that they were determined to be remembered well - to have your name
remembered in the Storytelling, during the long winter nights - by repetition,
since they had no writing, passed from generation to generation gave them
immortality in the sagas.
They
were willing to die for a good name, a good death and
Trading
- Plunder?
That depended
on the strength of the opposition. In many of the sagas ambush and house
burning were the main ways of settling arguments. Others too
- Trial by
Home
Ganger - duel on an island three shields fight to blood? Or fight to the death!
But
lets look at the broad picture.
The
Vikings exploded into
They
had raided all of the Coast of Europe, using rivers to strike deep into
Then
in 1066 the
They
formed the bodyguard of the Ruler or Caliph of
At
In
The
Vikings also targeted
One
method of defence was a round tower. There are many in
Vikings
explored all the Northern World. Their ships were the secret of their success
together with their daring and willingness to trust their ships and sail the
seas. Their sea voyages took them to Shetland and Orkney, also all the islands
of
King
Magnus Barelegs then sailed across Kintyre. His boat
was pulled from
The
Vikings discovered
In
874 Ingolf and Leif, who were cousins, settled in
History
of
Leif Erikson bought Bjarni's boat,
since it already knew the way; in 1002 he sailed west. He found Rocks - Helluland (
An
old Viking called Tyrker - from