Venzik
Venķk ou du vernis Wezyk est un genre
d'origine polonaise.
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Famille aristocratique, fondée
en Bohźme, Moravie et
(éventuellement ą travers le Royaume de Bohźme) avant et
aprčs la bataille de la Montagne Blanche
Genre démontré précédemment
comme encore vivant
Les origines de la famille, selon la légende, des nationaux polonais date autour
de lan 960 AD. Lorsque Skubek a
été déclaré compagnon ou membre
de la garde (drunķk)
du Prince Ziemomysl .Dautres sources
disent quil sagirait de Krakus . Depuis que la famille tronc citée Węzyk, qui avait son sičge
ancestral ą Wola Wężykowa a été créée de nouvelles branches sont apparues, Kostrowicky, Osinski,
Vestersky, Borkovsky, Goriansky, Podolsky . le genre a grandi trčs vite et a adopté pour tous le cri de guerre et
étendard portant un serpent, qui selon la légende aurait été tué par
Skubek/Krakus et est devenu un symbole porte drapeau de la famille et plus tard, un
blason
Contrairement ą la tradition Germanique
aussi appelée Tradition occidentale européenne, oł les
armes pouvaient źtre communes aux frčres, les Polonais avaient conservé
jusqu'ą la fin du 15čme sičcle le blason ancestral des armes, qui a exprimé
l'affinité par le sang, comme en Ecosse, le Celtic et l'Irlande. Sexe au 15e sičcle au début avait profilé pour nom
de famille et déją enregistrées dans historiques ...
Origine du nom Venķk est clairement
démontré par les Polonais -. Lituanienne Il s'agit
d'une transcription phonétique čķtaného mots Wezyk - comme
ils l'entendent, ne sais pas ce que la prononciation correcte (ie. les
étrangers). (Remarque: A =
«il» e = "oen" - lire le trčs
court «o» la dévoration, Y ą Z est parlé doucement et moyen-long),
d'aprčs le nom WAZ - Snake, lecture Von, Wezyk - de serpent,
un serpent appartenant, lecture Venķk - lors de la création priezviskįch dans le suffixe polonais. patronim Le polonais est un serpent - et WAZ
(deux) serpents sont déją Węży l'. conversation d'une certaine
maničre résultant singulier pluriel Wężyki. Il re-créé pour nom Venķk -. Wezyk mźme, aussi
en slovaque se termine-ik,-nik, bois mot - forestier et ainsi de suite. une
conséquence, il ne pouvait pas źtre plus tard que dans d'autres genres
d'associé étranger polonaises de lui, sans liens de parenté pokrvnej,
uniquement en fonction de la similitude de nom, parce que leur nom a
apparemment été créé dans les temps anciens et ą ne pas manquer, pour que les
autres ne sont pas comme lui non plus. Wężyki sont donc tous les
parents et descendants Skubeka.
plus Venķci obsadzovali
Vielopolski des fonctionnalités telles
que Duke, Duke Koniecpolski, duc
Belsky, juge provincial, commandant de troupe, les chasseurs en chef, etc. Il a
travaillé en tant que maires des chātelains villes Vschov,
Miechov, Cracovie et d'autres appartenant ą la forteresse
sičge genre Kowal, Drahimia, Kornik ...
et la descendance d'autres
branches etKostrowicky Sulkovsky
Knieatami devenue grande, et la Lituanie Ambrozievic tour de
Petite-Pologne et la République tchčque et le prince prince tchčque. Druinķci
Goriansky del'entourage royal
doprevįdzajścej princesse Anne, qui devait źtre publié ą la hongroise Ladislav King
I-Esprit, sont devenus d'importants magnįtskym
hongrois de naissance. Ces régnécomme Bani en Slavonie,
Sriemsku et MACV. Découlant de deux
branches de la famille est Gorianskych striedali Uhorskżmi
palatine, oł ils ont été de facto le gouvernement au nom
du roide Hongrie sur plus de 100 ans. Ses bureaux principaux sont
Devin, Buda et Siklos. Liptovska leur appartenait et
le comté, et Uhrovec Presbourg (Bratislava). Parmi religieuses chiffres importants
aussi appartenu ą John Venķk, qui devint archevźque Hniezdenskżm Prķmasom et polonais,
qui, aprčs la mort du roi Vladislav interegnum
régie par le droit Vice Rex de, jusqu'ą l'élection du nouveau roi .. Cette
famille a obtenu le privilčge de rois couronne de Pologne, qui sont également
de plusieurs fois et a également reēu d'autres privilčges importants. Commentles primates
polonais et princes laļques empire immobilier rķmskonemeckej. La famille étaient plus évźques - princes et des prźtres. Eh bien, non seulement
spirituelle, mais surtout gouvernée par le Venķci épée.
Autre que John Venķk accordée duc de Podolie défaite brisant Tatįrom. Comme preuve de leur bravoure démontrée par
le fait que les cinq membres de la famille a reēu la plus haute décoration
militaire de la Virtutti Militery Ordre. Ce prix est considéré comme l'un des militaires
série najhonosnejķch trois dans
le monde, ainsi que la Croix de Victoria, la Croix de la gloire. Un autre a tenu un Conseil de l'Aigle blanc, et l'Ordre de Saint-Georges. Venķci que des
dirigeants éminents de troupes pour aller de l'avant et ą l'extérieur de
la Pologne et la Lituanie. A propos de la famille prķslunķkoch sont en Pologne,
en décrivant un certain nombre de légendes nationales de leurs actes héroļques. En République tchčqueétait le capitaine George Vladik Enduring
Freedom, John hajtmanom Dionķsius Letovice Jaros
Hardeg autrichienne ą nouveau. Ils ont été parmi les défenseurs de
l'environnement povestnej kralickej Bible, qui a aussi grāce ą eux
jusqu'ą aujourd'hui.
Dans d'autres pays oł il a travaillé Venķci est rappelé important
počte franēais Giulio Venzik
Kostrowicky - Apolinaire, qui était également le petit-fils de Napoléon
et le savant tchčque et fondateur de l'Éducation de la République tchčque
Wenzika Joseph réel (Wenzig), qui était aussi un enseignant Chotkovej Sophia,
épouse du successeur de l'Autriche -trōne de Hongrie, dont l'assassiner ą
Sarajevo. Son connu cuisine sont les meilleurs livret opetįm
Smetana Libuse, Dalibor et d'autres. Aprčs Joseph Wenzig dans la rue du centre de
Prague nommé.Actuellement, l'Internet peut
źtre trouvé Venķkov travers le monde. L'effet de l'ordinateur du centre de la NASA, au
cours des écologistes dans la jungle amazonienne, ou les médecins en Egipte ou
de gérer un groupe d'entreprises aux Pays-Bas et la Russie dans la cour. Mźme Venķkov que les athlčtes dans les
compétitions internationales se trouvent, ou étudiants ...
Catégorie: Les familles aristocratiques
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Traduction
(tchčque > franēais)
famille aristocratique,
fondée en Bohźme, Moravie et (éventuellement ą travers
le Royaume de Bohźme) avant et
aprčs la Montagne Blanche
Genre touchés aprčs
confiscations White Battle Mountain en Bohźme
importants entre les sexes
tchčque
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Scottish heraldry
From Wikipedia, the
free encyclopedia
Heraldry in Scotland, while
broadly similar to that practised in ExecutiveThe Scottish heraldic
executive is separate from that of the remainder of the In carrying out his
duties, he has been assisted, in recent times, by a staff of three heralds
and pursuivants along with a Lyon Clerk.[10] The present Lyon Clerk, Elizabeth Roads, MVO, who is
also Carrick Pursuivant, is the first woman ever to serve as an officer of
arms in the Pursuant to Chapter 47
of the Act of 1672,[12] the Lord Lyon is empowered to grant arms to
"vertuous [virtuous] and well deserving persons."[13] According to Innes of Learney: "A [Scottish]
coat of arms is the outward indication of nobility and arms are officially
described as 'Ensigns of Nobility'. A patent of arms is . . . a
Diploma of Nobility . . . ."[14] Clarifying this statement, a later writer on
Scottish heraldry has noted: "Technically, a grant of arms from the Lord
Lyon is a patent of what might be thought of as minor nobility; the grantee
is thereby 'enrolled with all nobles in the noblesse of Principles
The principal function
of heraldry, whether personal or corporate heraldry is to
symbolise the identity of the owner of the armorial
bearings. In In Scottish heraldry
there is no such thing as a "family coat of arms." Junior members of
a family are assigned the scientific and relevant differences to the armorial
bearings of younger members of families.[17] Scottish heraldry
operates under the proposition that anyone who shares the same surname is,
however distantly, related. Consequently, where a coat of arms for the head
of a family already exists, new grants of arms to individuals with the same
surname will generally be variations on those arms."[18]"[T]he salient feature of Scottish heraldry is
that, as compared with England and other countries, the basic coats of arms
are relatively few in number, but numerous differenced versions of each basic
shield exist. The basic, or simple undifferenced arms and crest, are the
property, not of the 'family', but of the 'Chief' of each clan or house
. . . ."[19] The earliest existing
examples of Scots heraldry are Stewart coats of arms from seals of the last
half of the 12th century and the first half of the 13th, and show the fess
chequy, which is still a feature of 21st century Scots heraldry. [20] ,[Note 2] The Lord Lyon King of Arms has a vital and continuing influence on
the family organization in Motto ( Coat of
arms elements Characteristics
Mottoes
One of the most obvious
visual distinctions of Scottish heraldry from heraldic styles used elsewhere
is that the scroll on which the motto is displayed is almost always positioned above the
crest in Scottish bearings, as depicted in the illustration of the Royal Coat
of Arms of Scotland above.[21],[Note 3] This difference is more than merely visual, however.
In Scottish heraldry mottoes are considered a component of the grant of arms
and can be altered only by re-matriculating the arms. In English
heraldry, while a
motto is usually illustrated in the patent of arms, with very rare
exceptions, it is not included in the verbal grant of armorial bearings.
Consequently, English mottoes may be changed at will.[23] Cadency
Another difference
between Scottish and English heraldry that may be discerned from the
appearance of the shield itself lies in the systems employed to distinguish
younger sons of an armiger, known ascadency. English heraldry uses a series of small symbols,
termed brisures, to differentiate between the senior representative
of an armigerous family and junior lines known as "cadet
branches". In Badges
Heraldic
badges, are treated
differently in Scottish heraldic practice than in English armoury. A badge
may be defined as "An armorial device, not part of the coat of arms, but
. . . available to an armigerous person or corporation for the
purpose of identification."[26] Badges may consist of no more than acharge from the shield of arms, but others were emblems
adopted for their hidden meaning or in allusion to a name, title or office.[27] In In Scottish heraldry,
however, the grant of badges is limited to those categories of individuals who
may be expected to have a "numerous following", that is to say a
significant body of adherents or supporters. Generally badges are awarded
only to peers,the baronage, clan
chiefs and chieftains and the older landed houses and only when the Lord
Lyon is satisfied that the grant of a badge is warranted on practical grounds.[29] Corporate bodies, such as local governments,
schools, companies or sports clubs may also obtain badges as a means for
their members to display their affiliation.[30] Scottish heraldry,
however, also recognizes a unique form of badge, the crest badge.[31] In the case of an armiger, this device is composed
of his crest, encircled by a plain circle on which is inscribed the
individual's motto. As a mark of allegiance to their chief, members of a clan
are permitted to wear a clansmen's badge, consisting of their chief's crest
surrounded by a strap and buckle device on which the chief's motto is
inscribed.[32] Crests
In English heraldic
practice the crest, the device or emblem that appears above the helmet or
chapeau in a full coat of arms, should not duplicate any crest previously
granted. Just as each shield should be unique, so too should each crest.[33] In Heiresses
In traditional heraldic
practice coats of arms pass through the male line. Where a woman's father
bears arms and, at his death, there are no surviving sons or surviving
children of sons, the woman is an heraldic heiress and can transmit her
father's arms to her descendants.[35] In Quarterings
In heraldry a basic
shield can be divided into four, essentially equal, sections or quarterings.
In recent times this typically occurs as the result of the marriage of an
armiger to an heraldic heiress.[38] English heraldry appears to put no limit on such
divisions, which continue to be termed "quarterings" no matter how
many more are added.[39],[Note 4]Scottish practice favours a simplicity of design and
permits each quarter to itself be quartered, but no more. A Scottish shield,
therefore, is limited to sixteen quarterings.[41] Important works
"Scotland has no
ancient rolls of arms as in England and its earliest document of any
importance is the Armorial
de Gelré 1369-1388
preserved in Brussels - a European manuscript with a section on Scottish
arms." The first truly Scottish armorial dates only from 1508.[42][Note 5] Two of the oldest and
most important works on the subject of Scottish heraldry are The Science of Herauldry by George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh,
first published in 1680, and A
System of Heraldry by
Alexander Nisbet, first published in 1722.[43] Mackenzie is regard as legal authority in matters of
Scottish heraldry.[44] Whether Nisbet is likewise regarded as of
"institutional authority" is unclear,[Note 6] but "his work has been treated with very great
respect since it appeared in 1722."[47] Perhaps the most
celebrated work of Scottish heraldry is the Public
Register of all Arms and Bearings in Scotland, known more simply as the
Lyon Register. It has been said that: "There is no better evidence of
the diversity and splendour of heraldic art anywhere in the world than is to
be found in the [Lyon Register]. . . ."[48] The work was created under the authority of the
Statute of 1672, which provided that it record all arms properly registered
with the Lord Lyon. The first volume was bound in 1677 and it has been
faithfully maintained from that time.[49] Each of the series of massive volumes contains 120
pages of vellum, and it includes the work of some of Civic heraldry
The earliest civic
heraldry seems to have been the arms of In January Notes
1. ^ "The jurisdiction of the Court of the Lord Lyon
in questions of precedence[6] or clan chiefships[7] was rejected by the Court of Session,
but Lord Lyon does not regard those decisions as being final,[8] and continues to exercise this jurisdiction in
defiance of the Court of Sessions [sic]."[9] See Scottish
clan chief. 2. ^ See the arms of Stuart of
Yeochrie and those
of Stewarton
Community Council. 3. ^ In Scottish heraldry mottoes are placed below the
shield only when there are two or more mottoes, in which case one is placed
above the crest, the other below the shield, or where there is no crest, as
is common with corporate arms.[22]. 4. ^ The "record holder" appears to be an early
nineteenth century painting of the arms of
Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, the only British family to have used
a five-part surname. The 719 quarterings depicted include ten variations of
the English royal arms, the arms of the Spencer family of the late Princess
of Wales and those of many other of the most prominent families of English
history.[40] 5. ^ The blazons of armorial rolls containing Scottish
arms can currently be found under the heading The Mitchell Rolls on the website of the Heraldry Society of Scotland. 6. ^ Writing as Lord Lyon in the preface to the 1984
reprinted edition of Nisbet's System
of Heraldry, Innes of Edingight stated that "the work of Alexander
Nisbet has not been received as of institutional authority."[45] In 1991, however, Sir Crispin Agnew of Lochnaw, Rothesay
Herald, characterized both Nisbet and MacKenzie of Rosehaugh as
"institutional writers." Agnew has further specified that the
second volume of Nisbet's work is considered "suspect" because of
numerous, erroneous insertions by an unknown writer.[46] |
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Polish heraldry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The history of Polish heraldry is an integral part of the history
of the Szlachta, the Polish nobility.
[edit]History
Unlike the case of Western Europe,
in Poland, the szlachta did not emerge exclusively from the feudal class of knights under Chivalry, but stemmed in great part from an earlier Slavic class of Free Warriors or Mercenaries.
These warriors were often hired by rulers to form guard units (Polish Drużyna) and were eventually
paid in land. There is, however, a lot of written evidence from the Middle
Ages which demonstrates how some elements of the Polish nobility did emerge
from the ranks of the knightly class under the terms of chivalric law (ius
militare). Only a small number of szlachta families
or clans (Polish: Rody) can be traced all the
way back to the traditional clan system. Most szlachta, since at least the 12th century, were not related and their unions
were mostly voluntary and based on followership and brotherhood rather than kinship. However, in regards to
consanguinity, the matter is far from settled, and the question matters
because of historiographical concern to discover the origins of the
privileged status by membership in the knights' clan. In the year 1244,
Bolesław, Duke of Masovia, identified members of the knights' clan as
members of a genealogia: "I received my good servitors
[Raciborz and Albert] from the land of [Great] Poland, and from the clan [genealogia]
called Jelito, with my well-disposed knowledge [i.e., consent and encouragement] and
the cry [vocitatio], [that is], the godło, [by the name of] Nagody, and I established them in the said
land of mine, Masovia, [on the military tenure described elsewhere in the
charter]." The documentation regarding According to Polish historian Tadeusz Manteuffel, the clans (ród)
consisted of people related by blood and descending from a common ancestor,
giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan,
although this power was often exercised with an assembly of elders. Strongholds
called gród were built where a unifying religious cult was powerful, where trials
were conducted, and where clans gathered in the face of danger. The opole was the territory occupied by a single tribe. (Manteuffel
1982, p. 44). Since Poland emerged almost at once as a relatively unified duchy in the 10th century, it was the prince or, later, the King who was considered the patron of all the clans.
He granted privileges and land to clan members rather than to clans as such
and was allowed, in theory to assign new knights to the clans of his choice. In practice, however, such a means of
entering an existing noble clan would require a formal adoption from the
bloodline members of a clan. In any event, this route to clan membership was
later forbidden. As a result, a stable system of strong and wealthy groups of
relatives never developed in Heraldic symbols began to be used in
Under the Union of Horodło (1413), the noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were adopted en masse into the various Polish noble clans
and began to use Polish coats of arms. [edit]Peculiarities
Although the Polish heraldic system
evolved under the influence of French and German heraldry, there are many notable differences. The most striking peculiarity of the
system is that a coat of
arms does not belong to a single family. A number of unrelated families
(sometimes hundreds of them), usually with a number of different family
names, may use the same, undifferenced coat of arms, and each
coat of arms has its own name. The total number of coats of arms in this
system was relatively low ca. One side-effect of this unique
arrangement was that it became customary to refer to noblemen by both their
family name and their coat of arms name (or clan
name). For example: Jan
Zamoyski herbu Jelita means Jan Zamoyski of
the Jelita coat of arms (though
it is often translated as ...
of the clan Jelita ). From
15th to 17th centuries, the formula seems to have been to copy the ancient Roman naming convention: praenomen (or given name), nomen gentile (or Gens/Clan
name) and cognomen (surname), following the Renaissence
fashion. So we have: Jan
Jelita Zamoyski, forming a double-barrelled name (nazwisko złożone, literally compound name). Later, the
double-barrelled name began to be joined with a hyphen: Jan Jelita-Zamoyski. (See Polish
names). The Polish émigrés of 19th
century sometimes used adaptations of their names according to the Western
European (mainly French) style, becoming (to use the same example): Jan de Jelita-Zamoyski or Jan
Zamoyski de Jelita. Some would also keep the Latin forms of their
surnames, as Latin was the official language of the A single coat of arms could appear
in slightly different versions, typically in different colours, depending on
the custom of the family using it. Such modifications ( odmiany ) are still considered to represent
the same coat of arms. One of the most visually striking
characteristics of Polish heraldry is the abundance of gules (red) fields. Among the oldest coats
of arms in Other typical features used in
Polish heraldry include horseshoes, arrows, Maltese
crosses, scythes, stars and crescents. There
are also many purely geometrical shapes for which a separate set of heraldic
terms was invented. It has been suggested that originally all Polish coats of
arms were based on such abstract geometrical shapes, but most were gradually
"rationalized" into horseshoes, arrows and so on. If this
hypothesis is correct, it suggests in turn that Polish heraldry, also unlike
western European heraldry, may be at least partly derived from a kind of rune-like
symbols: the Tamgas used by nomadic peoples of the Steppe, such as the Sarmatians or the Avars, to mark property. However, the evidence about the origins of the
system is scanty, and this hypothesis has been criticized as being part of
the Polish noble tradition of romanticizing their supposed Sarmatian
ancestry. On this matter, research and controversy continue. A Polish coat of arms consists of: shield, crest, helm and crown. The 18th and 19th centuries fashion includes the mantling. Supporters, mottos and compartments normally do not appear, although certain individuals used them,
especially in the final stages of the system's development, partly in
response to French and German influence. Preserved medieval evidence shows
Polish coats-of-arms with mantling and supporters. [edit]Shield
Polish coats of arms are divided in
the same way as their western counterparts. However, since coats of arms were originally granted to clans rather
than to separate families, there was no need to join coats of arms into one
when a new branch of a family was formed. Thus Polish escutcheons are rarely parted. There is however a lot of preserved quartered
coats-of-arms. These would most often show the arms of the four grandparents
of the bearer. Or also the paternal-paternal great-grandmother in the 5th
field if the male-line coat-of-arms goes in the heart field.
The tradition of differentiating
between the coat
of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Heart-shaped shields were mostly
used in representations of the coats of arms of royalty. Following the union
between [edit]Tinctures
In addition to these seven basic
tinctures, which were standard in English heraldry and elsewhere in western
Europe, many more tinctures were used in Poland and (after the union with
Poland) Lithuania, including grey, steel, brunatre, weasel and carnation. [edit]See
also
§
Heraldry §
List of Polish coats
of arms §
List of Polish coat
of arms images §
Szlachta §
Coats of arms of
Polish voivodeships [edit]References
§
Górecki, Piotr
(1992), Economy, Society, and Lordship in
Medieval Poland: 1100-1250, New York, NEW YORK: Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., ISBN 0841913188,OCLC 25787903 §
Manteuffel, Tadeusz
(1982), The Formation of the Polish State: The
Period of Ducal Rule, 963-1194, Detroit, MICHIGAN: Wayne State University Press, ISBN 0814316824,OCLC 7730959 §
Wojciech
Górczyk,"Ślady recepcji legend arturiańskich w heraldyce
Piastów czerskich i kronikach polskich.", Kultura i Historia, Uniwersytet Marii Curie Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, 17/2010 ISSN 1642-9826 [1] [edit]Further reading
§
Tadeusz Gajl,
"Herby szlacheckie Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodow", Gdansk, 2003 §
Polscy kawalerowie maltańscy od XVI wieku do 1992 r.
Zestawił Jerzy Baranowski (z późniejszymi uzupełnieniami)
[with:] Zakon Maltański w Polsce. Praca zbiorowa pod red. Stefana K.
Kuczyńskiego, Warszawa 2000 §
Polska Służba Zagraniczna po 1 września 1939 r.,
Londyn 1954 §
Rocznik Służby Zagranicznej 1939, Warszawa 1939 §
Seweryn Uruski, Rodzina. Herbarz szlachty polskiej, t.
1, Warszawa 1904 [edit]Bibliografia
i herbów aukcje (in Polish)
Tradycyjnie herby zostały
Opublikowane aukcji Różnych w z Szlachta i Herbarz y, znany w polskim jakoHerbarz. Niektoré z
najistotniejszych wśród Takich publikacji są: 1.
Bartosz Paprocki Gniazdo cnoty,'. Kraków, 1578. 2.
Bartosz Paprocki, Herby rycerstwa polskiego', Kraków 1584 (II
wyd. Kraków, 1858). 3.
Szymon Okolski, Orbis Polonus; V. 1-3.
Kraków, 1641-1643. 4.
Wacław
Potocki, Poczet
herbów szlachty Korony Polskiey i Wielkiego Xsięstwa Litewskiego,
Kraków 1696. 5.
Rev Kasper Niesiecki, Herby i Familie Rycerskie tak w
koronie yw jako wxl, Lwów, 1728. 6. Rev Kacper Niesiecki, KoronaPolska, Lwów, 1728-1743. 7. Rev Benedykt Chmielowski, Zbiór krótki herbów
polskich, wsławionych oraz art cnota i naukami Polaków, Warszawa,
1763. 8. Rev Kasper Niesiecki,Herbarz Polski, Lipsk,
1839-1846. 9. Teodor
Żychliński, Złota księga szlachty
polskiej, Poznań, 18791908 10. Adam Boniecki, Herbarz Polski, Warszawa, 1899-1913. 11. Godz. Jerzy Dunin-Borkowski, Almanach błękitny.
Genealogia polskich rodów żyjących, Lwów, 1908. 12. Edward Borowski, Genealogie niektorżch
utytułowanych rodzin polskich, Buenos Aires-Paryż, 1964. 13. Wojciech Górczyk, "Ślady recepcji
legend arturiańskich w heraldyce Piastów czerskich i kronikach polskich.", Kultura i Historia, Uniwersytet Marii Curie
Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, 17/2010, ISSN 1642-9826 [2] 14. Wojciech Górczyk,"Półksiężyc,
orzeł, lew i smok. Uwagi o godłach napieczętnych Piastów" [3] 15. Sławomir Górzyński, Jerzy Kochanowski Herby szlachty
polskiej, Warszawa, 1990 16. Alfred ZnamierowskiInsygnia, symbole i herby polskie, Warszawa,
2003 17. Andrzej Brzezina
Winiarski, szlachty Herby Rzeczyposolitej, Warszawa,
2006 18. Stanisława Lozy, "Rodziny
pochodzenia cudzoziemskiego Polskie osiadle w Warszawie i okolicach Warszawa, 1934 Wydawnitctwo i Druk
Zakładów graficznych Galewski i Dau 19. Andrzej Brzezina Winiarski, Herby Rzeczyposolitej, Przemyśl,
20082009 [edit]External links
§
Polish coats of arms - a full list of Polish coats of arms §
Rycerskie Herby Polaków - a very good site in Polish with beautiful images of the arms and
complete surname lists of 48 of the clans §
Polish Nobility
and Its Heraldry §
Armorial
|
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Polish heraldry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The history of Polish
heraldry is an integral part
of the history of the Szlachta, the Polish nobility.
Contents
[hide] |
[edit]History
Unlike the case of Western Europe, in Poland, the szlachta did not emerge exclusively from the feudal class
of knights under Chivalry, but stemmed in great part from an
earlier Slavicclass of Free Warriors or Mercenaries. These
warriors were often hired by rulers to form guard units (Polish Drużyna) and were
eventually paid in land. There is, however, a lot of written evidence from the
Middle Ages which demonstrates how some elements of the Polish nobility did
emerge from the ranks of the knightly class under the terms of chivalric law (ius
militare).
Only a small number of szlachta families or clans (Polish: Rody) can be traced all the way back to the traditional clan system.
Most szlachta, since at least the 12th century,
were not related and their unions were mostly voluntary and based on followership and
brotherhood rather than kinship.
However, in regards to consanguinity, the matter is far from
settled, and the question matters because of historiographical concern to
discover the origins of the privileged status by membership in the knights'
clan. In the year 1244, Bolesław, Duke of Masovia, identified members of
the knights' clan as members of a genealogia:
"I received my good servitors [Raciborz and Albert] from the
land of [Great] Poland, and from the clan [genealogia] called Jelito, with my well-disposed knowledge [i.e.,
consent and encouragement] and the cry [vocitatio], [that is], the godło, [by the name of] Nagody, and I established them in the said
land of mine, Masovia, [on the military tenure described elsewhere in the
charter]."
The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the
earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable
status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with
heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The
Polish clan name and cry ritualized the ius
militare,i.e., the power to command an army; and they had been used some
time before 1244 to define knightly status. (Górecki 1992,
pp. 183185).
According to Polish historian Tadeusz
Manteuffel, the clans (ród) consisted of
people related by blood and descending from a common ancestor, giving the
ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or
starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this
power was often exercised with an assembly of elders. Strongholds called gród were
built where a unifying religious cult was powerful, where trials were
conducted, and where clans gathered in the face of danger. The opole was
the territory occupied by a single tribe. (Manteuffel 1982,
p. 44).
Since Poland emerged
almost at once as a relatively unified duchy in
the 10th century, it was the prince or, later, the King who
was considered the patron of all the clans. He granted privileges and land to clan
members rather than to clans as such and was allowed, in theory to assign new knights to
the clans of his choice. In practice, however, such a means of entering an
existing noble clan would require a formal adoption from the bloodline members
of a clan. In any event, this route to clan membership was later forbidden. As
a result, a stable system of strong and wealthy groups of relatives never
developed in Poland, as in Scotland. The Polish clans, perhaps, were much more
like the Norse clans, with the
result that they were much more unstable than their western counterparts.
Historic evidence, however, shows clans even fighting wars one against the
other like the famous domestic war between the Nalecz and the Grzymala in
Greater Poland of the late 14th century.
Heraldic symbols began to be used in Poland in the 13th century.
The generic Polish term for a coat of arms, herb, dates from the early 15th
century, originating as a translation of theCzech erb, which in turn came from
the German Erbe - heritage.
Under the Union of
Horodło (1413),
the noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were adopted en masse into the various Polish noble clans
and began to use Polish coats of arms.
[edit]Peculiarities
Although the Polish heraldic system evolved under the influence of
French and German heraldry, there are many
notable differences.
The most striking peculiarity of the system is that a coat of arms does not belong to a
single family. A number of unrelated families (sometimes hundreds of them),
usually with a number of different family names, may use the same, undifferenced coat of arms, and each coat of arms has its own name.
The total number of coats of arms in this system was relatively low ca.
One side-effect of this unique arrangement was that it became
customary to refer to noblemen by both their family name and their coat of arms
name (or clan name). For
example: Jan Zamoyski herbu Jelita means Jan Zamoyski of the Jelita coat of
arms (though it is often
translated as ... of the clan
Jelita ). From 15th to 17th
centuries, the formula seems to have been to copy the ancient Roman naming convention: praenomen (or given name), nomen gentile (or Gens/Clan name) and cognomen (surname), following the Renaissence
fashion. So we have: Jan
Jelita Zamoyski, forming a double-barrelled
name (nazwisko
złożone, literally compound
name). Later, the double-barrelled name began to be joined with a hyphen: Jan Jelita-Zamoyski. (See Polish names). The
Polish émigrés of 19th century sometimes used adaptations of their names
according to the Western European (mainly French) style, becoming (to use the
same example): Jan de
Jelita-Zamoyski or Jan Zamoyski de Jelita. Some
would also keep the Latin forms of their surnames, as Latin was the official
language of the Kingdom of Poland. Hence the popularity of Late-Medieval or
Early-Modern forms such as "de Zamosc Zamoyski".
A single coat of arms could appear in slightly different versions,
typically in different colours, depending on the custom of the family using it.
Such modifications ( odmiany ) are still considered to represent
the same coat of arms.
One of the most visually striking characteristics of Polish
heraldry is the abundance of gules (red)
fields. Among the oldest coats of arms in Poland, nearly half use a red
background, with blue (azure)
coming in a distant second. Nowhere else in Europe shows such a strong bias
towards a particular color scheme. It follows however the well known heraldic
custom of all Europe that the vassals would follow the colour-scheme of their
overlord. It had even a practical meaning in the battlefield.
Other typical features used in Polish heraldry include horseshoes,
arrows, Maltese crosses,
scythes, stars and crescents. There are also many purely geometrical shapes for
which a separate set of heraldic terms was invented. It has been suggested that
originally all Polish coats of arms were based on such abstract geometrical
shapes, but most were gradually "rationalized" into horseshoes,
arrows and so on. If this hypothesis is correct, it suggests in turn that
Polish heraldry, also unlike western European heraldry, may be at least partly
derived from a kind of rune-like symbols: the Tamgas used
by nomadic peoples of the Steppe, such as the Sarmatians or the Avars, to mark
property. However, the evidence about the origins of the system is scanty, and
this hypothesis has been criticized as being part of the Polish noble tradition
of romanticizing their supposed Sarmatian ancestry. On this matter, research
and controversy continue.
A Polish coat of arms consists of: shield, crest, helm and crown. The 18th and 19th centuries fashion
includes the mantling. Supporters, mottos and compartments normally do not appear, although
certain individuals used them, especially in the final stages of the system's
development, partly in response to French and German influence. Preserved
medieval evidence shows Polish coats-of-arms with mantling and supporters.
[edit]Shield
Polish coats of arms are divided in the same way as their western counterparts. However, since coats of
arms were originally granted to clans rather than to separate families, there
was no need to join coats of arms into one when a new branch of a family was
formed. Thus Polish escutcheons are rarely parted. There is however a
lot of preserved quartered coats-of-arms. These would most often show the arms
of the four grandparents of the bearer. Or also the paternal-paternal
great-grandmother in the 5th field if the male-line coat-of-arms goes in the
heart field.
|
Example |
|
|
|
|
|
|
English
name |
Parted per
fess |
Parted per
pale |
Parted per
bend sinister |
Parted
quarterly |
Parted
quarterly with an inescutcheon |
|
Polish
name |
tarcza
dwudzielna w pas |
tarcza
dwudzielna w słup |
tarcza
dwudzielna w lewy skos |
tarcza
czterodzielna w krzyż |
tarcza
czterodzielna w krzyż z polem sercowym |
The tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in
Poland. Usually men inherited a coat of arms from their fathers (or a member of
a clan who had adopted them), while women either inherited a coat from their
mothers or adopted the arms of their husbands. The brisure was
rarely used. All children would inherit the coat-of-arms of their father.
Heart-shaped shields were mostly used in representations of the
coats of arms of royalty. Following the union between Poland and Lithuania, and
the creation of the elective monarchy, it became customary to place the coats
of Poland and Lithuania diagonally,
with the coat of arms of the specific monarch placed
centrally on top. Research continues to find out what a
"heart-shaped" shield is. Most likely, the coat of Poland was placed
on the left-right diagonal (I & IV)and Lithuania on the right-left diagonal
(II & III) as evidenced in the shield at the top of this page. The specific
monarch crest then being placed in the "heart" position.
[edit]Tinctures
|
Tincture |
Heraldic name |
Polish name |
|
Metals |
||
|
Gold/Yellow |
Złoto |
|
|
Silver/White |
Srebro |
|
|
Colours |
||
|
Blue |
Błękit |
|
|
Red |
Czerwień |
|
|
Purple |
Purpura |
|
|
Black |
Czerń |
|
|
Green |
Zieleń |
|
In addition to these seven basic tinctures, which were standard in
English heraldry and elsewhere in western Europe, many more tinctures were used
in Poland and (after the union with Poland) Lithuania, including grey, steel,
brunatre, weasel and carnation.
[edit]See also
§
Heraldry
§
List of Polish coats of arms
§
List of Polish coat of arms images
§
Szlachta
§
Coats of arms of Polish voivodeships
[edit]References
§
Górecki, Piotr (1992), Economy, Society, and
Lordship in Medieval Poland: 1100-1250, New York, NEW YORK:
Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., ISBN 0841913188,OCLC 25787903
§
Manteuffel, Tadeusz (1982), The Formation of the
Polish State: The Period of Ducal Rule, 963-1194,
Detroit, MICHIGAN: Wayne State University Press, ISBN 0814316824,OCLC 7730959
§
Wojciech Górczyk,"Ślady recepcji legend
arturiańskich w heraldyce Piastów czerskich i kronikach polskich.", Kultura
i Historia, Uniwersytet Marii Curie Skłodowskiej w Lublinie,
17/2010 ISSN 1642-9826 [1]
[edit]Further reading
|
|
This section may need to be wikified to meet Wikipedia's quality
standards. Please help by adding relevant internal
links, or by improving the article's layout. (November 2009) Click [show] on right for
more details.[show] |
§
Tadeusz Gajl,
"Herby szlacheckie Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodow", Gdansk, 2003
§
Polscy kawalerowie maltańscy od XVI wieku do 1992 r.
Zestawił Jerzy Baranowski (z późniejszymi uzupełnieniami)
[with:] Zakon Maltański w Polsce. Praca zbiorowa pod red. Stefana K.
Kuczyńskiego, Warszawa 2000
§
Polska Służba Zagraniczna po 1 września 1939 r.,
Londyn 1954
§
Rocznik Służby Zagranicznej 1939, Warszawa 1939
§
Seweryn Uruski, Rodzina. Herbarz szlachty polskiej, t.
1, Warszawa 1904
[edit]Bibliografia i herbów aukcje (in Polish)
Tradycyjnie herby zostały Opublikowane aukcji Różnych w
z Szlachta i Herbarz y,
znany w polskim jakoHerbarz. Niektoré z najistotniejszych
wśród Takich publikacji są:
1.
Bartosz Paprocki Gniazdo cnoty,'. Kraków, 1578.
2.
Bartosz Paprocki, Herby rycerstwa polskiego', Kraków 1584 (II
wyd. Kraków, 1858).
3.
Szymon Okolski, Orbis Polonus; V. 1-3. Kraków, 1641-1643.
4.
Wacław
Potocki, Poczet
herbów szlachty Korony Polskiey i Wielkiego Xsięstwa Litewskiego,
Kraków 1696.
5.
Rev Kasper Niesiecki, Herby i Familie Rycerskie tak w
koronie yw jako wxl, Lwów, 1728.
6.
Rev Kacper Niesiecki, KoronaPolska, Lwów, 1728-1743.
7.
Rev Benedykt
Chmielowski, Zbiór
krótki herbów polskich, wsławionych oraz art cnota i naukami Polaków, Warszawa, 1763.
8.
Rev Kasper Niesiecki,Herbarz Polski, Lipsk, 1839-1846.
9.
Teodor Żychliński, Złota księga szlachty
polskiej, Poznań, 18791908
10. Adam Boniecki, Herbarz Polski, Warszawa, 1899-1913.
11. Godz. Jerzy Dunin-Borkowski, Almanach błękitny.
Genealogia polskich rodów żyjących, Lwów, 1908.
12. Edward Borowski, Genealogie niektorżch
utytułowanych rodzin polskich, Buenos Aires-Paryż, 1964.
13. Wojciech Górczyk, "Ślady recepcji
legend arturiańskich w heraldyce Piastów czerskich i kronikach polskich.", Kultura
i Historia, Uniwersytet Marii Curie Skłodowskiej w Lublinie,
17/2010, ISSN 1642-9826 [2]
14. Wojciech Górczyk,"Półksiężyc,
orzeł, lew i smok. Uwagi o godłach napieczętnych Piastów" [3]
15. Sławomir Górzyński, Jerzy Kochanowski Herby szlachty
polskiej, Warszawa, 1990
16. Alfred
ZnamierowskiInsygnia, symbole i herby polskie, Warszawa, 2003
17. Andrzej Brzezina Winiarski, szlachty Herby Rzeczyposolitej, Warszawa, 2006
18. Stanisława Lozy, "Rodziny
pochodzenia cudzoziemskiego Polskie osiadle w Warszawie i okolicach Warszawa, 1934 Wydawnitctwo i Druk Zakładów
graficznych Galewski i Dau
19. Andrzej Brzezina Winiarski, Herby Rzeczyposolitej, Przemyśl,
20082009
[edit]External links
|
|
Wikimedia
Commons has media related to: Polish coat of arms |
§
Polish coats of arms - a full list of Polish coats of arms
§
Rycerskie
Herby Polaków - a very
good site in Polish with beautiful images of the arms and complete surname
lists of 48 of the clans
§
Polish Nobility and
Its Heraldry
§
Armorial
|