http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor

Jean II Casimir Vasa (Jan Kazimierz Waza) est un roi polonais qui régna de 1648 à 1668 durant son règne la Pologne perdit de grandes parties de son territoire par ses combats contre la Russie, la Suède, les Tatars et l'Ukraine.

Né le 22 mars 1609 à Cracovie, le second fils de Sigismond III Vasa combattit la France avec les Habsbourgpendant la guerre de Trente Ans. Arrêté en France alors qu'il voyageait vers l'Espagne, il reste deux ans en prison (1638–1640). Libéré et abandonnant toute ambition politique il entre chez les Jésuites mais renonce au bout d'un an.

 C’est à ce moment là que Antoni WANCLIK  vit dans son entourage

Des jésuites du XVIII ème siècle écrivent sous l’orthographe polonaise Antoni WANCLIK le nom du peintre Sir Anthony  Van Dyck.Ils doivent être bien informés

A la mort de son frère le roi Ladislas IV Vasa, il est élu en 1648 au trône de Pologne et obtint une dispense pour épouser la veuve de celui-ci Marie Louise de Gonzague-Nevers.

Malgré son désir de négocier avec les cosaques ukrainiens, il dut continuer la lutte sous la pression de la noblesse polonaise désirant agrandir leur possession. il gagna la bataille de Beresteczko contre les forces cosaques et tatars (20-30 juin 1651), mais les combats reprirent quand les cosaques s'allièrent avec la Russie. En même temps, la Suède envahit le Pologne.

Par traité, il renonça à ses droits sur la couronne de Suède et céda la Livonie. La guerre contre la Russie fut terminé par la trêve d'Andrusovo. Il est d'abord défait par Charles-Gustave, roi de Suède, à Varsovie, 1656.

Le 19 septembre 1657, il signe le traité de Welawa par lequel il renonce à la souveraineté sur le duché dePrusse

. Il repoussa ensuite Charles-Gustave, roi de Suède, et conclut le traité d'Oliwa, 1660. Ses armées, commandées par Sobieski, vainquirent les Tartares en 1661.

Cependant, ayant perdu son épouse en 1667, et écœuré par la guerre et la révolte de la diète, il abdique le 16 septembre 1668. Il se retira en France en 1670 et devient abbé titulaire de Saint-Germain-des-Prés et de Saint-Martin de Nevers. Il mourut le 16 décembre 1672 à Nevers et fut inhumé dans l'église abbatiale de Saint-Germain-des-Prés à Paris.

Marié le 14 septembre 1672 à Paris, avec Françoise Marie Mignot (1624-1711). Il rencontra la riche veuve du maréchal François de L'Hospital dans l'un des salons parisiens qu'il fréquentait. Ils se marièrent à Paris, rue des Fossés Montmartre, mais le mariage ne fut jamais déclaré et ils n'eurent pas d'enfants. Elle était à Nevers près de son mari lorsqu'il mourut trois mois après le mariage.

Jean II Casimir Vasa

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Page d'aide sur l'homonymie Pour les articles homonymes, voir Jean II.

Page d'aide sur l'homonymie Pour les articles homonymes, voir Casimir.

Jean II Casimir Vasa

Roi de Pologne

Jan II Kazimierz.jpg

 

Jean II Casimir Vasa

 

      

 

 

Règne

1648-1668

 

Prédécesseur

Ladislas IV Vasa

 

Successeur

Michał Wiśniowiecki

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Biographie

Nom de naissance

Jan Kazimierz Waza

 

Naissance

22 mars 1609

 

 

Cracovie

 

Décès

16 décembre 1672

 

 

Nevers.

 

Conjoint(s)

Marie Louise de Gonzague-Nevers

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jean II Casimir Vasa (Jan Kazimierz Waza) est un roi polonais qui régna de 1648 à 1668 durant son règne laPologne perdit de grandes parties de son territoire par ses combats contre la Russie, la Suède, les Tatars et l'Ukraine.

Né le 22 mars 1609 à Cracovie, le second fils de Sigismond III Vasa combattit la France avec les Habsbourgpendant la guerre de Trente Ans. Arrêté en France alors qu'il voyageait vers l'Espagne, il reste deux ans en prison (1638–1640). Libéré et abandonnant toute ambition politique il entre chez les Jésuites mais renonce au bout d'un an.

A la mort de son frère le roi Ladislas IV Vasa, il est élu en 1648 au trône de Pologne et obtint une dispense pour épouser la veuve de celui-ci Marie Louise de Gonzague-Nevers.

Malgré son désir de négocier avec les cosaques ukrainiens, il dut continuer la lutte sous la pression de la noblesse polonaise désirant agrandir leur possession. il gagna la bataille de Beresteczko contre les forces cosaques et tatars (20-30 juin 1651), mais les combats reprirent quand les cosaques s'allièrent avec la Russie. En même temps, la Suède envahit le Pologne.

Par traité, il renonça à ses droits sur la couronne de Suède et céda la Livonie. La guerre contre la Russie fut terminé par la trêve d'Andrusovo. Il est d'abord défait par Charles-Gustave, roi de Suède, à Varsovie, 1656.

Le 19 septembre 1657, il signe le traité de Welawa par lequel il renonce à la souveraineté sur le duché dePrusse. Il repoussa ensuite Charles-Gustave, roi de Suède, et conclut le traité d'Oliwa, 1660. Ses armées, commandées par Sobieski, vainquirent les Tartares en 1661.

Cependant, ayant perdu son épouse en 1667, et écœuré par la guerre et la révolte de la diète, il abdique le 16 septembre 1668. Il se retira en France en 1670 et devient abbé titulaire de Saint-Germain-des-Prés et de Saint-Martin de Nevers. Il mourut le 16 décembre 1672 à Nevers et fut inhumé dans l'église abbatiale de Saint-Germain-des-Prés à Paris.

Marié le 14 septembre 1672 à Paris, avec Françoise Marie Mignot (1624-1711). Il rencontra la riche veuve du maréchal François de L'Hospital dans l'un des salons parisiens qu'il fréquentait. Ils se marièrent à Paris, rue des Fossés Montmartre, mais le mariage ne fut jamais déclaré et ils n'eurent pas d'enfants. Elle était à Nevers près de son mari lorsqu'il mourut trois mois après le mariage.

 

Sources [modifier]

§                     (en) John II Casimir Vasa, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2005, Encyclopædia Britannica Premium

§                     Cet article comprend des extraits du Dictionnaire Bouillet. Il est possible de supprimer cette indication, si le texte reflète le savoir actuel sur ce thème, si les sources sont citées, s'il satisfait aux exigences linguistiques actuelles et s'il ne contient pas de propos qui vont à l'encontre des règles de neutralité de Wikipédia.

 

§                     Portail de l’histoire Portail de l’histoire

 

§                     Portail du XVIIe siècle Portail du xviie siècle

 

§                     Portail de la Pologne Portail de la Pologne

.

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François Ier de Clèves (1516-1561), comte (1521) puis duc de Nevers (1539) est un personnage important de la cour des rois François Ier et Henri II de France. Il fait partie des chefs de guerre qui commandent l'armée royale durant les dernières guerres d'Italie.

Egalement comte de Rethel il est le fils de Charles II de Clèves († 1521), comte de Nevers et de Marie d'Albret (1491 † 1549), comtesse de Rethel, fille de Charlotte de Bourgogne.

Il se marie en 1538 avec Marguerite de Vendôme (1516-1589), fille de Charles IV de Bourbon et sœur aînée d'Antoine de Bourbon.

Leurs enfants sont :

§                     François II de Clèves (1540 † 1562), duc de Nevers, comte de Rethel, marié en 1561 à Anne de Bourbon-Montpensier (1540-1572), fille de Louis III de Montpensier[réf. nécessaire]

§                     Henriette de Clèves (1542-1601), duchesse de Nevers, comtesse puis duchesse, en 1581, de Rethel, mariée en 1566 à Louis de Gonzague, duc de Mantoue

§                     Jacques de Clèves (1544-1564), duc de Nevers, comte de Rethel, marié en 1558 à Diane de La Marck, fille de Robert IV de La Marck.

§                     Catherine de Clèves (1548-1633), mariée à Henri Ier de Guise

§                     Marie de Clèves (1553-1574), mariée à Henri Ier de Bourbon-Condé

§                     Liste des comtes puis ducs de Nevers

§                     Portrait du duc de Nevers par François Clouet conservé au British museum

Catégories : Maison de La Marck | Duc de Nevers | Comte de Rethel | Naissance en 1516 | Décès en 1561

Descendance de François 1er roi de France

Légende : /  Cacher ou voir la descendance
 Titre(s)  ( 
 pour les Rois)
 Mariages
 Autres familles
Consanguinité

Père :  Charles De Valois-Orléans (v. 1459 - v. 1496)
Mère :  Louise de Savoie (v. 1476 - v. 1531)


Liste des descendants sur  génération

   Roi de France (v. 1515 - v. 1547)

Comte d'Angoulème (v. 1497 - ?) François 1er roi de France (14/09/1494 - 31/03/1547)

 Mariage de François 1er roi de France avec Claude De France 18/05/1514 : Mariage avec Claude De France (13/10/1499 - 20/07/1524)

 Louise (15/08/1515 - v. 1518)

 Charlotte d'Angoulème (23/10/1516 - 08/09/1524)

 Duc de Bretagne (? - ?) François dauphin de France (28/02/1518 - v. 1536)

   Roi de France (v. 1547 - v. 1559)

Duc de Bretagne (v. 1536 - ?)

Duc D'Orléans (v. 1519 - ?)

Dauphin de Viennois (v. 1536 - v. 1547) Henri II Roi de France (31/03/1519 - 10/07/1559)

 Diane de France (v. 1538 - 03/02/1619)

 Mariage de Henri II Roi de France avec Catherine, Marie, Romola De Medicis ? : Mariage avec Catherine, Marie, Romola De Medicis (13/04/1519 - 05/01/1589)

 Roi de France (v. 1559 - v. 1560)

Dauphin de Viennois (v. 1544 - v. 1559) François II Roi de France (19/01/1544 - 05/12/1560)

   Elisabeth de France (02/04/1546 - 03/10/1568)

 Mariage de Elisabeth de France avec Philippe II, Roi d'Espagne  v. 1559 : Mariage avec Philippe II, Roi d'Espagne (v. 1527 - v. 1598)

 Isabelle d'Espagne (v. 1566 - v. 1633)

 Catherine d'Espagne (v. 1567 - v. 1597)

   Claude de France (12/11/1547 - 20/02/1575)

 Mariage de Claude de France avec Charles III duc de Lorraine v. 1559 : Mariage avec Charles III duc de Lorraine (v. 1543 - v. 1608)

 Duc de Lorraine (v. 1608 - v. 1624)

Duc de Bar (v. 1608 - v. 1624) Henri II duc de Lorraine (v. 1563 - v. 1624)

 Christine de Lorraine (v. 1565 - v. 1637)

 Charles de Lorraine (v. 1566 - v. 1607)

 Antoinette de Lorraine (v. 1568 - v. 1610)

 Duc de Lorraine (? - 26/11/1625)

Comte de Vaudémont (v. 1572 - v. 1632) François II de Lorraine Comte de Vaudémont (v. 1572 - v. 1632)

 Catherine de Lorraine (v. 1573 - v. 1648)

 Elisabeth de Lorraine (v. 1574 - v. 1636)

 Louis de Valois (03/02/1549 - 24/10/1550)

   Roi de France (v. 1560 - v. 1574) Charles IX roi de France (27/06/1550 - 31/05/1574)

 Mariage de Charles IX roi de France avec Elisabeth de Habsbourg 26/11/1570 : Mariage avec Elisabeth de Habsbourg (05/08/1554 - 22/01/1592)

 Marie-Elisabeth de France (27/10/1572 - 02/04/1578)

 Duc d'Angoulême (v. 1619 - v. 1638)

Comte d'Auvergne (v. 1573 - v. 1650) Charles de Valois - illégitime (28/06/1573 - 24/09/1650)

 Roi de France (v. 1574 - v. 1589)

Roi de Pologne (v. 1573 - v. 1574)

Duc d'Orléans (v. 1560 - v. 1567)

Duc d'Angoulême (v. 1551 - v. 1560)

Duc d'Anjou (v. 1567 - v. 1573) Henri III roi de France (19/09/1551 - 02/08/1589)

 Marguerite De Valois dite La Reine Margot (14/05/1553 - v. 1615)

 François d'Alençon (François d'Anjou) (18/03/1555 - 10/06/1584)

 Jeanne de Valois (24/06/1556 - 24/06/1556)

 Victoire de Valois (24/06/1556 - 01/08/1556)

 Henri de Valois (v. 1551 - 01/06/1586)

 Comte de Saint-Rémy (? - ?) Henri de Valois Comte de Saint Rémy (v. 1557 - v. 1321)

 Madeleine d'Angoûlème (10/08/1520 - v. 1537)

 Duc d'Angoulême (? - ?) Charles d'Angoulème (22/01/1522 - v. 1545)

   Marguerite d'Angouleme (05/06/1523 - v. 1574)

 Mariage de Marguerite d'Angouleme avec Emmanuel-Philibert de Savoie v. 1559 : Mariage avec Emmanuel-Philibert de Savoie (v. 1528 - v. 1580)

   Prince de Piémont (? - ?) Charles-Emmanuel Ier de Savoie (v. 1562 - v. 1630)

 Mariage de Charles-Emmanuel Ier de Savoie avec Catherine d'Espagne v. 1585 : Mariage avec Catherine d'Espagne (v. 1567 - v. 1597)

 Prince de Piémont (? - ?)

Duc de Savoie (? - ?) Victor-Amédée Ier de Savoie (v. 1587 - v. 1637)

 Emmanuel-Philibert de Savoie (v. 1588 - v. 1624)

 Marguerite de Savoie (v. 1589 - v. 1655)

 Isabelle de Savoie (v. 1591 - v. 1626)

 Maurice de Savoie (v. 1593 - v. 1657)

 Marie de Savoie (v. 1594 - v. 1656)

 Françoise de Savoie (v. 1595 - v. 1640)

 Prince de Carignan (v. 1620 - ?)

Comte de Soisson (v. 1641 - ?) Thomas de Savoie-Carignan (v. 1596 - v. 1656)

http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstancja_Habsburżanka

Maison de Gonzague [modifier]

Blason famille it Gonzaga10.svg

1581-1595 : Louis IV (1539  1595), duc de Rethel, duc de Nevers (Louis IV, 1565-1595)

marié en 1565 à Henriette de Clèves ci-dessus

1595-1637 : Charles III (1580  1637), duc de Rethel et de Nevers (Charles III, 1595-1637), 1er prince d'Arches (Charles Ier, 1608-1637), duc souverain de Mantoue (Charles Ier, 1627-1637) et duc de Montferrat (Charles Ier, 1627-1637)

marié en 1599 à Catherine de Mayenne (1585  1618), sœur de Henri de Mayenne

§         1619-1622 : François (1606  1622), duc de Rethel par courtoisie, fils des précédents

§         1622-1631 : Charles (1609  1631), duc de Rethel par courtoisie et de Mayenne (Charles III, 1621-1631), frère du précédent

marié en 1627 à Marie de Mantoue (1609  1660)

1637-1659 : Charles IV (1629  1665), duc de Rethel, de Nevers (Charles IV, 1637-1659) et de Mayenne (Charles IV, 1632-1654), 2e prince d'Arches (Charles II, 1637-1665), duc de Mantoue et de Montferrat (Charles II, 1637-1665) fils des précédents

marié en 1649 à Isabelle de Habsbourg (1629  1685)

Après le duché de Mayenne en 1654, Charles IV vend les duchés de Nevers et de Rethel à Mazarin en 1659.

Duché de Mazarin [modifier]

Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(Archduchess_of_Austria)

  (Redirected from Maria Anna of Bavaria (Archduchess of Austria))

For other persons named Maria Anna of Bavaria, see Maria Anna of Bavaria (disambiguation).

Maria Anna of Bavaria

Archduchess consort of Austria

Tenure

26 August 1571 – 10 July 1590

 

Spouse

Charles II of Austria

Issue

Anna, Queen of Poland
Maria Christierna, Countess of Tyrol
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Margaret, Queen of Spain and Portugal
Leopold V, Archduke of Austria
Constance, Queen of Poland
Maria Magdalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany

House

House of Wittelsbach (by birth)
House of Habsburg(by marriage)

Father

Albert V, Duke of Bavaria

Mother

Anne of Austria

Born

21 March 1551
Munich, Germany

Died

29 April 1608 (aged 57)
Graz, Austria

Maria Anna of Bavaria (21 March 1551, Munich Germany-29 April 1608, Graz Austria)[1] was the daughter of Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (1528-1579) and Anna of Austria (1528-1590).

Contents

 [hide]

·                     1 Family

·                     2 Marriage and children

·                     3 Gallery of Family

·                     4 Ancestors

·                     5 References

[edit]Family

Her paternal grandparents were William IV, Duke of Bavaria (1493-1550) and Maria Jacoba, Margravine of Baden (1507-1580). Her maternal grandparents were Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1503-1564) and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (1503-1547), daughter of King Ladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and his wife Anne de Foix. King Louis XIV of France is her lineal descendant.[2]

Maria Anna was the forth of seven siblings, only five of the children lived through to adulthood. Maria Anna's siblings included: William V, Duke of Bavaria, Ernest of Bavaria, Ferdinand of Bavaria and her unmarried sister, Maximiliana Maria of Bavaria (who once was appointed to marry king Sebastian of Portugal).

[edit]Marriage and children

On 26 August 1571 in Vienna Maria Anna married her maternal uncle, Charles II of Austria (1540-1590). At first the Duke was betrothed to Elizabeth I of England, but she refused to marry Charles.

Within nineteen years of marriage, Charles and Maria Anna had twenty children:

§                     Ferdinand (b./d. 1572)

§                     Anna of Austria (1573-1598), married in 1592 Sigismund III Vasa of Poland (1566-1632)

§                     Maria Christierna (1574-1621), married in 1595 Sigismund Báthory von Siebenburgen (1572-1613)

§                     Katharina (1576-1595)

§                     Elisabeth (1577-1586)

§                     Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (1578-1637), married in 1600 a younger Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574-1616) and in 1622 Eleonore Gonzaga (1598-1655)

§                     Karl (1579-1580)

§                     Gregoria (1581-1597)

§                     Eleonora (1582-1620)

§                     Maximilian (1583-1616)

§                     Margaret of Austria (1584-1611), married in 1599 Philip III of Spain (1578-1621). She was the mother of Anne of Austria Queen Consort of France

§                     Leopold V of Austria (1586-1632), married in 1626 Claudia de' Medici (1604-1648)

§                     Constance of Austria (1588-1631), married in 1605 Sigismund III Vasa of Poland (1566-1632)

§                     Maria Magdalena (1589-1631), married in 1608 Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1590-1621)

§                     Karl (1590-1624)

[edit]Gallery of Family

Maria Anna

Her husband

Anna of Austria Queen of Poland

Emperor Ferdinand II

Erzherzogin Gregoria Maximiliane (1581−1597)

Erzherzogin Eleonore (1582−1620), Stiftsdame zu Hall/Tirol

Erzherzog Maximilian Ernst (1583−1616), seit 1615 Hoch- und Deutschmeister

Margaret of Austria, 1609, by Bartolomé González y Serrano

Erzherzog Leopold V. von Österreich-Tirol, um 1630

Constance Queen of Poland

Ritratto di Maria Maddalena d'Austria,Tiberio

 Titi

, depositi degliUffizi.

Bishop Karol I Habsburg.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria

 

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ferdinand II

Holy Roman Emperor, King in Germany, King of Hungary, Bohemia, Croatia etc. Archduke of Austria

Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany

Reign

26 August 1619-15 February 1637

Coronation

9 September 1619, Frankfurt

Predecessor

Matthias

Successor

Ferdinand III

King of Bohemia

Reign

5 June 1617-15 February 1637

Coronation

29 June 1617, Prague

Predecessor

Matthias

Successor

Ferdinand III

King of Hungary and Croatia

Reign

1 July 1618-15 February 1637

Coronation

1 July 1618, Pressburg

Predecessor

Matthias

Successor

Ferdinand III

Archduke of Austria

Reign

1619-15 February 1637

Predecessor

Matthias

Successor

Ferdinand III

 

Spouse

Maria Anna of Bavaria
Eleonor Gonzaga

Issue

Archduchess Christine

Archduke Charles

Archduke John-Charles

Ferdinand III

Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria

Archduchess Cecilia Renata of Austria

Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria

House

House of Habsburg

Father

Charles II, Archduke of Austria

Mother

Maria Anna of Bavaria

Born

July 9, 1578

Died

February 15, 1637 (aged 58)

Ferdinand II (July 9, 1578 – February 15, 1637), of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor (1619–1637),King of Bohemia (1617–1619, 1620–1637), King of Hungary (1618–1625).[1][2]

Contents

 [hide]

·                     1 Life

·                     2 Marriages and issue

·                     3 Ancestors

·                     4 Titles

·                     5 References

·                     6 See also

[edit]Life

He was born at Graz, the son of Charles II, Archduke of Austria, and Maria Anna of Bavaria. He was educated by the Jesuits and later frequented the University of Ingolstadt. After completing his studies in 1595, he acceded to his hereditary lands (where his older cousin, Archduke Maximilian III of Austria, had acted as regent between 1593 and 1595) and made a pilgrimage to Loreto and Rome. Shortly afterwards, he began to suppress non-Catholic faith in his territories.

In 1617, he was elected King of Bohemia by the Bohemian diet. He was also able to obtain the support of the Spanish Habsburgs in the succession of his cousin Matthias, who was heirless, as Holy Roman Emperor, in exchange for Alsace and other imperial fiefs in Italy.

His ultracatholicism caused immediate turmoil in his non-Catholic subjects, especially in Bohemia. He did not respect the religious liberties granted by the Letter of Majesty conceded, signed by the previous emperor, Rudolph II, which had guaranteed the freedom of religion to the nobles and the inhabitants of the cities. Additionally, Ferdinand was an absolutist monarch and infringed several historical privileges of the nobles. Given the relatively great number of Protestants in the kingdom, including some of the nobles, the king's unpopularity soon caused the Bohemian Revolt. The Defenestration of Prague of 22 May 1618 is considered the first step of the Thirty Years' War.

In the following events he remained one of the staunchest backers of the Anti-Protestant Counter Reformation efforts as one of the heads of the German Catholic League. Ferdinand succeeded Matthias as Holy Roman Emperor in 1619. Supported by the Catholic League, including the Kings of Spain, Bavaria and Poland, Ferdinand decided to reclaim his possession in Bohemia and to quench the rebels. On 8 November 1620 his troops, led by the Belgian general Tilly, smashed the rebels of Frederick V of Palatinate, who had been elected as rival King in 1618. After Frederick's flight to the Netherlands, Ferdinand ordered forced conversion to Catholicism in Bohemia and Austria, causing Protestantism to nearly disappear in the following decades, and reduced the Diet's power.

In 1625, despite the subsidies received from Spain and the Pope, Ferdinand was in a bad financial situation. In order to muster an imperial army to continue the war, he applied to Albrecht von Wallenstein, one of the richest men in Bohemia: the latter accepted on condition that he could keep total control over the direction of the war, as well as over the booties taken during the operations. Wallenstein was able to recruit some 30,000 men (later expanded up to 100,000), with whom he was able to defeat the Protestants in Silesia, Anhalt and Denmark. In the wake of the overwhelming Catholic military successes, in 1629 Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution, by which all the land stripped to the Catholics after thePeace of Passau of 1552 would be returned.

His new ultracatholic demands caused the tottering Protestants to call in Gustavus II Adolphus, King of Sweden. Further, some of Ferdinand's Catholic allies started to complain about the excessive power gained by Wallenstein, as well as of the ruthless method he used to finance his huge army. Ferdinand replied by firing the Bohemian general in 1630. The lead of the war thenceforth was assigned to Tilly, who was however unable to stop the Swedish march from northern Germany towards Austria. Some historians directly blame Ferdinand for the large civilian loss of life in the Sack of Magdeburg in 1631: he had instructed Tilly to enforce the edict of Restitution upon Saxony, his orders causing the Belgian general to move the Catholic armies east, ultimately to Leipzig, where they suffered their first substantial defeat at First Breitenfeld.

Tilly died in 1632. Wallenstein was recalled, being able to muster an army in only a week, and to expel the Sweden from Bohemia. In November 1632 the Catholics were defeated in the Battle of Lützen, but Gustavus Adolphus died. A period of minor operations followed, perhaps because of Wallenstein's ambiguous conduct, which ended with his assassination in 1634, perhaps ordered by Ferdinand himself.

Despite Wallenstein's fall, the imperial forces recaptured Regensburg and were victorious in the Battle of Nördlingen. The Swedish army was substantially weakened, and the fear that the Habsburgs' power could at that point become overwhelming in the empire triggered France, led by Cardinal Richelieu, to enter the war on the Protestant side. In 1635 Ferdinand signed his last important act, the Peace of Prague, which however did not end the war.

He died in 1637, leaving to his son Ferdinand III an empire still entangled in a war and whose fortunes seemed to be increasingly fading away.

[edit]Marriages and issue

In 1600, Ferdinand married Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574-1616), daughter of Duke William V of Bavaria. They had seven children:

§                     Archduchess Christine (1601-1601)

§                     Archduke Charles (1603-1603)

§                     Archduke John-Charles (November 1, 1605 - December 28, 1619)

§                     Ferdinand III (July 13, 1608-April 2, 1657) married:

§                                 1631 Infanta Maria Anna of Spain

§                                 1648 Maria Leopoldine of Austria

§                                 1651 Eleanor Gonzaga (1630–1686)

§                     Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (January 13, 1610-September 25, 1665)

§                     Archduchess Cecilia Renata of Austria (July 16, 1611-March 24, 1644), who married her cousin Władysław IV Vasa, King of Poland.

§                     Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1614–1662).

In 1622, he married Eleonore of Mantua (Gonzaga) (1598–1655), the daughter of Duke Vincenzo I of Mantua and Eleonora de' Medici, at Innsbruck.

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[edit]Ancestors

[show]

v  d  e

Ancestors of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

[edit]Titles

Ferdinand II, by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King in Germany, King of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, etc. Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Margrave of Moravia, Duke of Luxemburg, of the Higher and Lower Silesia, of Wurtemberg and Teck, Prince of Swabia, Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Kyburg and Goritia, Marquess of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgovia, the Higher and Lower Lusace, Lord of the Marquisate of Slavonia, of Port Naon and Salines, etc. etc.

[edit]References

1.      ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/204463/Ferdinand-II

2.     ^ "Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Empire) - MSN Encarta". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.

[edit]See also

§                     Kings of Germany family tree. He was related to every other king of Germany.

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House of Habsburg

 

 

 

[show]

 

Ferdinand II

Ferdinand III Arms-imperial.svg
Armorial of the Holy Roman Empire

 

 

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Ferdinand III

 

 

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Leopold I

 

 

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Joseph I

 

 

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Charles VI

 

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v  d  e

Holy Roman Emperors

 

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Monarchs of Germany

 

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Austrian archdukes

 

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

House of Habsburg

Born: 9 July 1578 Died: 15 February 1637

Regnal titles

Preceded by
Charles II

Archduke of Inner Austria
1590–1637

Succeeded by
Ferdinand III

Preceded by
Matthias

King of Bohemia
1617–1637

King of Hungary
1618–1637

King in Germany
(formally 
King of the Romans)
1618–1637

Holy Roman Emperor (elect)
1619–1637

Archduke of Austria
1619–1637

Archduke of Further Austria
1619–1623

Succeeded by
Leopold V,
Governor since 1619

Holy Roman Emperor

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coats of arms of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 to 1576. The Emperors used the double-headed eagleas a symbol of their authority

The Holy Roman Empire around the year 1000

The Holy Roman Empire in the 14th century. (The colours indicate the main dynasties competing for the crown.

The Holy Roman Emperor (German: Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser, or "Roman-German Kaiser") is a term used by historians to denote a Middle Ages ruler, who as German King had in addition received the title of "Emperor of the Romans" from the Pope of the Holy Roman Church, and after the 16th century, the elected monarch governing the Holy Roman Empire, a Central European union of territories in existence during the Medieval and the Early Modern period.

Charlemagne of the Carolingian Dynasty was the first to receive papal coronation as Emperor of the Romans.Charles V was the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope. The final Holy Roman Emperor-elect, Francis II, abdicated in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars that saw the Empire's final dissolution.

The standard designation of the Holy Roman Emperor was "August Emperor of the Romans" (Romanorum Imperator Augustus). When Charlemagne was crowned in 800, his was styled as "most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman Empire," thus constituting the elements of "Holy" and "Roman" in the imperial title. The word Holy had never been used as part of that title in official documents.[1]

The word Roman was a reflection of the translatio imperii (transfer of rule) principle that regarded the (Germanic) Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of Julius Nepos in 480.

Contents

 [hide]

·                     1 Establishment of the Holy Roman Empire

·                     2 Conflict with the Papacy

·                     3 Succession

·                     4 List of Emperors

o                                        4.1 Western emperors before Otto the Great

§                                                 4.1.1 Carolingian Dynasty

§                                                 4.1.2 House of Guideschi

§                                                 4.1.3 Carolingian Dynasty

§                                                 4.1.4 Bosonid Dynasty

§                                                 4.1.5 Unruoching Dynasty

o                                        4.2 Ottonian (Saxon) Dynasty

o                                        4.3 Salian (Frankish) Dynasty

o                                        4.4 Supplinburger dynasty

o                                        4.5 Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

o                                        4.6 House of Welf

o                                        4.7 Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

o                                        4.8 House of Luxembourg

o                                        4.9 House of Wittelsbach

o                                        4.10 House of Luxembourg

o                                        4.11 House of Habsburg

o                                        4.12 House of Wittelsbach

o                                        4.13 House of Habsburg-Lorraine

·                     5 Coronation

·                     6 See also

·                     7 References

[edit]Establishment of the Holy Roman Empire

After Charlemagne was crowned Emperor, his successors maintained the title until the death of Berengar I of Italy in 924. After that point the position was vacant until the time of Otto the Great (912-973). Under Otto and his successors, much of the former Carolingian kingdom of Eastern Francia became the Holy Roman Empire. The various German princes elected one of their peers as King of the Germans, after which he would be crowned as emperor by the Pope. After Charles V's coronation, all succeeding emperors were legallyemperors-elect due to the lack of papal coronation, but in all practical purposes they were simply calledemperors.

[edit]Conflict with the Papacy

The title of Emperor (Imperator) carried with it an important role as protector of the Catholic Church. As the papacy's power grew during the Middle Ages, Popes and emperors came into conflict over church administration. The most well-known and bitter conflict was that known as the Investiture Controversy fought during the 11th century between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII.

[edit]Succession

Successions to the kingship were controlled by a variety of complicated factors. Elections meant the kingship of Germany was only partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of France, although sovereignty frequently remained in a dynasty until there were no more male successors. Some scholars suggest that the task of the elections was really to solve conflicts only when the dynastic rule was unclear, yet, the process meant that the prime candidate had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept on side, which were known as Wahlkapitulationen (election capitulations).

The Electoral council was set at seven princes (three archbishops and four secular princes) by the Golden Bull of 1356. It remained so until 1648, when the settlement of the Thirty Years' War required the addition of a new elector to maintain the precarious balance between Protestant and Catholic factions in the Empire. Another elector was added in 1690, and the whole college was reshuffled in 1803, a mere three years before the dissolution of the Empire.

After 1438, the Kings remained in the house of Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine, with the brief exception of one Wittelsbach, Charles VII. Maximilian I (Emperor 1508-1519) and his successors no longer travelled to Rome to be crowned as Emperor by the Pope. Therefore, they could not technically claim the title Emperor of the Romans, but were mere "Emperors-elect of the Romans", as Maximilian named himself in 1508 with papal approval. This title was in fact used (Erwählter Römischer Kaiser), but it was somewhat forgotten that the word "erwählt" (elect) was a restriction. Of all his successors, only Charles V, the immediate one, received a papal coronation. Before that date in 1530, he was called Emperor-elect too.

[edit]List of Emperors

See also: List of German monarchs

This list includes all emperors, whether or not they styled themselves Holy Roman Emperor. There are some gaps in the tally. For example, Henry the Fowler was King of Germany but not Emperor; Emperor Henry II was numbered as his successor as German King. The Guideschi follow the numeration for the Duchy of Spoleto. One of the most popular Holy Roman Emperors was actually illegitimate, Lenihanus III only ruled for 6 months in the province of Augsburg, but was very popular among his people.

[edit]Western emperors before Otto the Great

19th century historiography claimed a continuity between the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. This is rejected by some modern historians, who date the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire to 962[citation needed]. The rulers who were crowned as Emperors in the west before 962 were as follows:

[edit]Carolingian Dynasty

Image

Name

Life

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Coin

Image-Charlemagne-by-Durer.jpg

Charles I
(Charlemagne)

2 April 742
-
28 January 814

25 December 800

28 January 814

-

Charlemagne denier Mayence 812 814.jpg

Louis I

778
-
20 June 840

5 October 816

20 June 840

son of Emperor Charles I

Louis le Pieu denier Sens 818 823.jpg

Lothar I.jpg

Lothair I

795
-
29 September 855

5 April 823

29 September 855

son of Emperor Louis I

Lothaire 1er denier 840 855.jpg

Reichsschwert ludwig das kind.jpg

Louis II

825
-
12 August 875

1st Easter 850
2nd 18 May 872

12 August 875

son of Emperor Lothair I

Jean Dassier - Louis II. roy de France.jpg

Charles2lechauve.jpg

Charles II

13 June 823
-
6 October 877

29 December 875

6 October 877

son of Emperor Louis I

Charles le Chauve denier Bourges after 848.jpg

Charles le Gros.PNG

Charles III

13 June 839
-
13 January 888

12 February 881

13 January 888

grandson ofEmperor Louis I

CharlesIIIcoin.jpg

[edit]House of Guideschi

Image

Name

Life

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Coin

Sin foto.svg

Guy

855
-
12 December 894

May 891

12 December 894

great-great grandson ofEmperor Charles I

-

Sin foto.svg

Lambert

880
-
15 October 898

30 April 892

15 October 898

son of Emperor Guy

-

[edit]Carolingian Dynasty

Image

Name

Life

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Coin

Die deutschen Kaiser Arnulph.jpg

Arnulph

850
-
8 December 899

22 February 896

8 December 899

great-grandson of Emperor Louis I

-

[edit]Bosonid Dynasty

Image

Name

Life

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Coin

Sin foto.svg

Louis III

880
-
28 June 928

22 February 901

21 July 905

grandson ofEmperor Louis II

-

[edit]Unruoching Dynasty

Image

Name

Life

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Coin

Sin foto.svg

Berengar

845
-
7 April 924

December 915

7 April 924

grandson ofEmperor Louis I

-

There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.

[edit]Ottonian (Saxon) Dynasty

Image

Name

Life

Election

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Arms

Die deutschen Kaiser Otto der Große.jpg

Otto I

23 November 912
-
7 May 973

-

2 February 962

7 May 973

great-great-great grandson of Emperor Louis I

Holy Roman Empire Arms-single head.svg

Otton2.JPG

Otto II

955
-
7 December 983

961

25 December 967

7 December 983

son ofEmperor Otto I

Holy Roman Empire Arms-single head.svg

Meister der Reichenauer Schule 002.jpg

Otto III

980
-
23 January 1002

June 983

21 May 996

23 January 1002

son ofEmperor Otto II

Holy Roman Empire Arms-single head.svg

Ubf Richard-Wagner-Platz Mosaik Heinrich II.jpg

Henry II
[2]

6 May 973
-
13 July 1024

7 June 1002

14 February 1014

13 July 1024

second-cousin of Emperor Otto III

Holy Roman Empire Arms-single head.svg

[edit]Salian (Frankish) Dynasty

Image

Name

Life

Election

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Arms

Konrád2.jpg

Conrad II
[3]

990
-
4 June 1039

1024

26 March 1027

4 June 1039

great-great-grandson ofEmperor Otto I

Holy Roman Empire Arms-single head.svg

Heinrich III. (HRR) Miniatur.jpg

Henry III

29 October 1017
-
5 October 1056

1028

25 December 1046

5 October 1056

son ofEmperor Conrad II

Holy Roman Empire Arms-single head.svg

Jindra4Salsky.jpg

Henry IV

11 November 1050
-
7 August 1106

1053

31 March 1084

December 1105

son ofEmperor Henry III

Holy Roman Empire Arms-single head.svg

Jindra5Salsky.jpg

Henry V
[4]

8 November 1086
-
23 May 1125

6 January 1099

13 April 1111

23 May 1125

son ofEmperor Henry IV

Holy Roman Empire Arms-single head.svg

[edit]Supplinburger dynasty

Image

Name

Life

Election

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Arms

Lothaire III.jpg

Lothair III
[5]

9 June 1075
-
4 December 1137

1125

4 June 1133

4 December 1137

-

Holy Roman Empire Arms-single head.svg

[edit]Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

Image

Name

Life

Election

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Arms

Stifterbüchlein 43r Friedrich I Barbarossa.jpg

Frederick I

1122
-
10 June 1190

4 March 1152

18 June 1155

10 June 1190

great-grandson of Emperor Henry IV

Armoiries empereurs Hohenstaufen.svg

JindrichVIStauf trun.jpg

Henry VI

November 1165
-
28 September 1197

 ?April 1169

14 April 1191

28 September 1197

son ofEmperor Frederick I

Armoiries empereurs Hohenstaufen.svg

[edit]House of Welf

Image

Name

Life

Election

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Arms

Otto IV 1836.jpg

Otto IV

1175 or 1176
-
19 May 1218

9 June 1198

4 October 1209

1215

great-grandson of Emperor Lothair III

Emporer Otto IV Arms.svg

[edit]Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

Image

Name

Life

Election

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Arms

Frederick II and eagle.jpg

Frederick II

26 December 1194
-
13 December 1250

1196
1215 re-election

22 November 1220

13 December 1250

son ofEmperor Henry VI

Armoiries empereurs Hohenstaufen.svg

[edit]House of Luxembourg

Image

Name

Life

Election

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Arms

Henry7Luc.jpg

Henry VII

1275/1279
-
24 August 1313

1308

29 June 1312

24 August 1313

13th generation descendant ofEmperor Louis III

Armoiries Henri VII de Luxembourg.svg

[edit]House of Wittelsbach

Image

Name

Life

Election

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Arms

Ludwig der Bayer.jpg

Louis IV

1 April 1282
-
11 October 1347

October 1314

17 January 1328

11 October 1347

sixth generation descendant ofEmperor Lothair III

Emperor Louis IV Arms.svg

[edit]House of Luxembourg

Image

Name

Life

Election

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Arms

Katedrala sv Vita Praha mozaika Karel.jpg

Charles IV

14 May 1316
-
29 November 1378

11 July 1346/
17 June 1349re-election

5 April 1355

29 November 1378

grandson ofEmperor Henry VII

Armoiries empereur Charles IV.png

Zikmund Zhořelecka radnice.jpg

Sigismund

14 February 1368
-
9 December 1437

10 September 1410/
21 July 1411re-election

31 May 1433

9 December 1437

son ofEmperor Charles IV

Armoiries empereur Sigismond Ier.png

[edit]House of Habsburg

Image

Name

Life

Election

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from an Emperor

Arms

Hans Burgkmair d. Ä. 005.jpg

Frederick III

21 September 1415
-
19 August 1493

1440

19 March 1452

19 August 1493

10th generation descendant ofEmperor Lothair III

Emperor Frederick III Arms.svg

Bernhard Strigel 007.jpg

Maximilian I

22 March 1459
-
12 January 1519

16 February 1486

-
[6]

12 January 1519

son of Emperor Frederick III

Maximilian I Arms.svg

Emperor charles v.png

Charles V

24 February 1500
-
21 September 1558

28 June 1519

February 1530

16 January 1556

grandson ofEmperor Maximilian I

Charles V Arms-imperial.svg

Ferdinand Ier du Saint-Empire.jpg

Ferdinand I

10 March 1503
-
25 July 1564

1531

-
[6]

25 July 1564

grandson ofEmperor Maximilian I

Armoiries empereur Ferdinand Ier.png

Nicolas Neufchâtel 002.jpg

Maximilian II

31 July 1527
-
12 October 1576

November 1562

-
[6]

12 October 1576

son of Emperor Ferdinand I

Armoiries empereur Ferdinand Ier.png

Hans von Aachen 003.jpg

Rudolph II
[7]

18 July 1552
-
20 January 1612

1575

30 June 1575

20 January 1612

son of Emperor Maximilian II

Charles V Arms-imperial.svg

Lucas van Valckenborch 003.jpg

Matthias

24 February 1557
-
20 March 1619

1612

23 January 1612

20 March 1619

son of Emperor Maximilian II

Charles V Arms-imperial.svg

Kaiser Ferdinand II. 1614.jpg

Ferdinand II

9 July 1578
-
15 February 1637

1618

10 March 1619

15 February 1637

grandson ofEmperor Ferdinand I

Charles V Arms-imperial.svg

Frans Luycx 002.jpg

Ferdinand III

13 July 1608
-
2 April 1657

1636

18 November 1637

2 April 1657

son of Emperor Ferdinand II

Charles V Arms-imperial.svg

Benjamin von Block 001.jpg

Leopold I

9 June 1640
-
5 May 1705

July 1658

6 March 1657

5 May 1705

son of Emperor Ferdinand III

Charles V Arms-imperial.svg

Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg

Joseph I

26 July 1678
-
17 April 1711

6 January 1690

1 May 1705

17 April 1711

son of Emperor Leopold I

Charles V Arms-imperial.svg

Carles-III-de-Catalunya.jpg

Charles VI

1 October 1685
-
20 October 1740

22 December 1711

12 October 1711

20 October 1740

son of Emperor Leopold I

Charles V Arms-imperial.svg

[edit]House of Wittelsbach

Image

Name

Life

Election

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from Emperor

Arms

Charles VII.jpg

Charles VII
[6]

6 August 1697
-
20 January 1745

24 January 1742

12 February 1742

20 January 1745

great-great grandson ofEmperor Ferdinand II

Charles VII Arms-imperial.svg

[edit]House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Image

Name

Life

Election

Coronation

Ceased to be Emperor

Descent from an Emperor

Arms

Frans I von Habsburg.jpg

Francis I

8 December 1708
-
18 August 1765

13 September 1745

-
[6]

18 August 1765

great grandson of Emperor Ferdinand III

Francis I Arms-imperial.svg

Josef2-1-.jpg

Joseph II

13 March 1741
-
20 February 1790

after 18 August 1765

19 August 1765

20 February 1790

son ofEmperor Francis I

Wappen Kaiser Joseph II. 1765 (Groß).png

Leopold II.jpg

Leopold II

5 May 1747
-
1 March 1792

after 20 February 1790

-
[6]

1 March 1792

son ofEmperor Francis I

Leopold II Arms-imperial.svg

FranciscusII.png

Francis II

12 February 1768
-
2 March 1835

after 1 March 1792

4 March 1792

6 August 1806

son ofEmperor Leopold II

Charles V Arms-imperial.svg

[edit]Coronation

See also: Papal appointment

The Emperor was crowned in a special ceremony, traditionally performed by the Pope in Rome, using the Imperial Regalia. Without that coronation, no king, despite exercising all powers, could call himself Emperor. In 1508, Pope Julius II allowed Maximilian I to use the title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as Electus Romanorum Imperator ("elected Emperor of the Romans"). Maximilian's successors adopted the same titulature, usually when they became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Maximilian's first successor Charles V was the last to be crowned Emperor.

Emperor

Coronation date

Officiant

Location

Charles I

25 December 800

Pope Leo III

Rome

Louis I

Jul/Aug 816

Pope Stephen V

Reims

Lothair I

5 April 823

Pope Paschal I

Rome

Louis II

April 850

Pope Leo IV

Rome

Charles II

29 December 875

Pope John VIII

Rome

Charles III

12 February 881

 

Guy III of Spoleto

May 891

Pope Stephen V

 

Lambert II of Spoleto

30 April 892

Pope Formosus

Ravenna

Arnulf of Carinthia

22 February 896

Rome

Louis III

15 or 22 Feb 901

Pope Benedict IV

Rome

Berengar

December 915

Pope John X

Rome

Otto I

2 February, 962

Pope John XII

 

Otto II

25 December, 967

Pope John XIII

 

Otto III

21 May, 996

Pope Gregory V

 

Henry II

14 February, 1014

Pope Benedict VIII

 

Conrad II

26 March, 1027

Pope John XIX

 

Henry III

25 December, 1046

Pope Clement II

 

Henry IV

31 March, 1084

Antipope Clement III

 

Henry V

13 April, 1111

Pope Paschal II

 

Henry V

23 March, 1117

Antipope Gregory VIII

 

Lothair III

4 June, 1133

Pope Innocent II

Basilica of St. John Lateran

Frederick I

18 June, 1155

Pope Adrian IV

 

Henry VI

14 April, 1191

Pope Celestine III

 

Otto IV

4 October, 1209

Pope Innocent III

 

Frederick II

22 November 1220

Pope Honorius III

 

Henry VII

29 June 1312

Cardinals

 

Louis IV

17 January 1328

Sciarra Colonna

 

Charles IV

5 April, 1355

Cardinal

 

Sigismund

31 May, 1433

Pope Eugenius IV

 

Frederick III

19 March, 1452

Pope Nicholas V

 

Charles V

February 1530

Pope Clement VII

Bologna, Italy

[edit]See also

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§                     Concordat of Worms

§                     Emperor for other uses of the title "Emperor" in western Europe.

§                     First Council of the Lateran

§                     Holy Roman Emperors family tree

§                     Holy Roman Empress

§                     King of the Romans

§                     List of German monarchs

§                     Holy Roman Empire

[edit]References

1.     ^ Bryce, James (1968). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan. pp. 530.

2.     ^ enumerated as successor of Henry I who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.

3.     ^ enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor

4.     ^ Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). The Origins of Modern Germany. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393301532.

5.     ^ enumerated as successor of Lothair II, who was King of Lotharingia 855–869 but not Emperor

6.     ^ a b c d e f Emperor-Elect.

7.     ^ enumerated as successor of Rudolph I who was German King 1273–1291.

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