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Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red), after
McDonald (2005). See
also this
map for distribution in
In human
genetics, Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is
a Y-chromosome
haplogroup that is spread across Eurasia.
In
Europe, the highest frequencies are found in Central
and Eastern
Europe. Today it is found at its highest levels in Tajiks
(64%) Kyrgyz
(63%), Poland and Hungary (56%60%), Ukraine (54%[1][where, areas ?] or 44%[where, areas ?]), and Russia, where one
out of two men has this haplogroup. In Hungary
contradicting frequencies are reported 60% or 20%. Relatively high frequencies
are also found among the ethnic Sorbs (63%) in Eastern Germany and in Scandinavia[2] (the largest being 23% in
Even
in South Eastern Europe (not a major concentration of R1a1) microsatellite
networks of major Y chromosomal lineages show high diveristy
of R1a1 graph
C[4][5]. The variance cluster in South Eastern Europe (SEE) is
located in the Republic of Macedonia. Marijana
Perii &all in 2005 hypothesize that:
At this level of resolution, it is not clear what temporal and effective
population size differences contributed to this deep Paleolithic signal as high
R1a variance in SEE might be explained by either ancient demography or more
recent bottlenecks and founder effects in different Slavic tribes. At least
three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the
region: early post-LGM recolonizations expanding from
the refugium in
In
The
gene has proven to be a diagnostic Indo-Iranian marker[6] and is believed to have been inherited from people who
left a clear pattern of archaeological remains known as the Kurgan
culture, generally identified as early Indo-Europeans,
and later by the Vikings,[2] which accounts for the existence of it in, among other
places, the British Isles.[8][9] Lower frequencies of R1a1 are found among populations of
West Asia.
Iran appears to have
had little genetic influence from the R1a1-carrying Indo-Iranians,[6] attributed to language replacement through the
"elite-dominance" model.
Other
investigations suggest the gene expanded much earlier from the Dniepr-Don Valley, between 13 000 and 7600 years ago, and
was linked to the reindeer hunters of the Ahrensburg culture
that started from the Dniepr valley in Ukraine and
reached Scandinavia 12 000 years ago.[2]
The
R1a1 is a specific sequence of nucleotides in Y Male chromosome. A single
mutation, in one male, who carried R1, occurred in one time. All men who have now R1a1 are direct
straight line descendants of that ancestor, R1a1 originator.
Contents[hide] |
European LGM refuges, 20 kya.
The
first carriers of the R1a1 haplotype are believed to
have been peoples living about 15,000 years ago[6] confined by an area within the Ukrainian LGM refuge. The gene spread by a
nomadic lifestyle and proliferated on Eurasian
steppes. Current theories point to the gene being tied to speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language in the Kurgan
scenario, spreading the gene further to Asia and most of
Highest
haplotype incidence suggests that haplogroup
R1a1 originated among the ancestors of the Balto-Slavic
speakers of Eastern and
R1a1
is spread across the whole of Europe, with the highest concentrations found in Poland. The two
main directional components of the spread are consistent with an East to West
migration as well as a radial spread from the Balkans. The
latter is claimed to be a trace of the re-population of
"At
least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the
region: early post-LGM recolonizations expanding from
the refugium in Ukraine, migrations from northern Pontic steppe between 3000 and 1000 B.C., as well as
possibly massive Slavic migration from A.D. 5th to 7th centuries." ref The
last possibility is less probable, the distribution of Paleolithic pattern
depth is unexplained by massive people flow. Genetic data support autochtonic
Further information: Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia: R1a1 and R2
In India initial studies
with limited samples observed a correlation between the Brahmin caste and
the R1a haplogroup which was consistent with an Indo-Aryan migration from Central Asia (Bamshad et al. 2001),[14] in line with earlier suggestions (Cavalli-Sforza
1994).[15] The frequency gradients of the haplogroup,
falling off eastward across Siberia to the Altai
mountains and southward into India, were held to perfectly reflect the
inferred migrations of the (pre-)Proto-Indo-Iranians and Indo-Iranians
during the period 3000 to 1000 BC (Wells et al 2001).[6] The northern migration theory is also supported by the
dating of the haplogroup (Wells et al 2003).
Studies
of
According
to Sengupta et al. (table 5),[17] R1* is virtually absent in Southeast and
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R1a1
is a subgroup of Haplogroup R (M207).
It is
related to Haplogroup R1b
(M343), which is dominant in Western
Europe, and more distantly related to Haplogroup R2
(M124).
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R1a frequency is expressed as
percentage of population samples.
N *R1 R1a1 source
Sorbs 112 - 63.39 2
Hungarian 45 13.3 60.0 1 ?-14
Poles 55 16.4 56.4 1,14
Ukrainian 50 2.0 54.0 1,14
Belarusian 306 50.98 2 ?-14
Russian 122 7.0 47.0 14
Belarusian - 46 4
Belarusian 41 10.0 39.0 14
Ukrainian - 44 3 ?
Ukrainians, Rashkovo 53 41.5 10 ?
Russian, North 49 0 43 5
Latvian 34 15.0 41.0 14
Udmurt 43 11.6 37.2 1
Pomor 28 0 36 5
Macedonian 20 10.0 35.0 1
Moldavians, Karahasan 72 34.7 10
Croatian 34 15e
Lithuanian 38 6 34 14
Croatian 58 10.3 29.3 1
UK Orkney 26 65 27 5
Gagauzes, Etulia 41 26.8 10
Czech + Slovakian 45 35.6 26.7 1,14
Norwegian 83 26.5 13
Bosnians 25 15e
Icelander 181 41.4 23.8 14
Norwegian 87 21.69 2
Moldavians, Sofia 54 20.4 10
Romanians 54 20.4 10 (Buhusi, Piatra-Neamt)
Hungarian 45 13.3 20.4 14
Orcandin 71 66.0 19.7 14
Swedish (Northern) 48 23.0 19.0 14
Swedish 110 20.0 17.3 14
Danish 12 41.7 16.7 14
Herzegovinian 15 15e
Mari 46 0 13.0 1
German 88 12.50 2
German 48 47.9 8.1 14
Greek 76 27.6 11.8 1
Albanian 51 17.6 9.8 1
Albanian 10 15e
Saami 24 8.3 8.3 1
UK Isle of Man 62 15 8 11
Greek 8 15e
UK Orkney 121 23 7 11 ?? 7% <> 23% *5
UK 309 ~7 13 see references
Georgian 63 ` 14.3 7.9 1
Turks 7 15e
Turkish 30 6.6 6.6 1
UK Shetland 63 17 6 11
UK Chippenham 51 16 6 11
UK Cornwall 52 25 6 11
Dutch 27 70.4 3.7 1
German 16 50.0 6.2 1
Italian central/north 50 62.0 4.0 1
Italians 3 15e
British ~1000 ~4 11
Irish 222 81.5 0.5 14
Calabrian 37 32.4 0 1
Sardinian 77 22.1 1
British 25 72 0 5
Poles 913 9
Germans 1215 9
Dniester-Carpathian - 50.06 10
Gagauzes, Kongaz 48 12.5 10
empty or - = no data in sample.
? = datasets differences, [?-x]:= ^x=# source
empty or - = no data in sample.
? = datasets differences, [?-x]:= ^x=# source
N *R1 R1a1(%) Sr. Published
Ishkashimi 25 4 68 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Tajiks - 64 6
Tajiks/Khojant 22 64 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Tajiks/Dushanbe 16 19 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Tajiks/Samarkand 40 25 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Kyrgyz 52 2 63 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Tashkent IE 69 7 47 ?
India Upper Caste 86 - 45.35 8
Sourasthran 46 0 39 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Abkhazians 12 8 33 7 Nasidze,2004
Chenchus (India-Darv.) - - 26 12
Kazan Tatar 38 3 24 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Saami 23 9 22 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Iran (Tehran) 24 4 4 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Iran (Tehran) 80 8 20 7 Nasidze,2004
Iran (Isfahan) 50 0 18 7 Nasidze,2004
Pakistan ?? 85 1.10 16.47 8 ?
Pakistan 175 0.57 24.43 8 ?
Pakistan south 91 0 31.87 8 ?
India 728 0 15.8 8 ?
India 325 0.3 27 12 ?
Tuvian 42 2 14 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Abazinians 14 0 14 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Turks 39 31 13 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Georgians 77 10 10 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Kurd 17 29 12 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Nenets 54 4 11 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Syrian 20 15 10 1
Lebanese 31 6.4 9.7 1
Turkmen 37 36 9 ?
Turkmen 30 37 7 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Lezgi(S.Caucasus) 12 17 8 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Svans 25 0 8 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Azerbaijanians 72 11 7 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Armenians 100 19 6 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Armenians 47 36 9 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
S.Ossetians 17 12 6 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Kazaks 54 6 4 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Chechenians 19 0 5 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Kallar Darvidian 84 0 4 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Mongolian 24 0 4 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5)
Ossetians (Ardon) 28 0 4 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Kazbegi 25 8 4 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
India Darvidian (Tribal) 180 - 2.78 8
Kabardinians 59 2 2 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Lezgi(Dagestan) 25 4 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Oseetians (Digora) 31 0 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Rutulians 24 0 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Darginians 26 4 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Ingushians 22 0 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7)
Cambodia 6 0 0 8 ?
China 127 0 0 8
Japan 23 0 0 8
Siberia 18 0 0 8 ?