The Lydians:
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Introduction
copyright © 2000 by John Stojko
This paper
deals with the most recent decipherment of ancient Lydian inscriptions. The key
which made it possible to indentify Lydian letters was a single stele inscribed
in both Lydian and Greek alphabets. Based on the present decipherment, the
ancient Lydian language appears to be indentical to Etruscan, which survives as
the present-day Ukrainian. The subject matter of the inscriptions is religious,
and it is also related to the main theme of Voynich Manuscript.
Greek
historian Herodotus wrote that Etruscan were Lydians, who immigrated to
According
to the Linguists the Lydian language is Indo-European. My decipherment also
shows that the Etruscan language is basically the same as a present day
Ukrainian, hence it is also Indo-European. If Herodotus' statement, that the
Lydian migrated to
To
continue on the path of decipherment in a logical way, and to check if there is
any truth in Herodotus' statement I began to look for Lydian writings.
In the
book "Extinct Languages by Johannes Friedrich" on page 110 I found
bilingual inscription in Greek and Lydian alphabets.
The Lydian
alphabet is derived from Phoenician and Etruscan, therefore after close
examination; I was able to read one name on the grave inscription in Lydian.
Because the inscription is apparently bilingual, the name of dead person should
read the samein Greek and Lydian alphabets. And it does.
In my
previous writing I stated that the dead person name in both languages is HEBRAT
BARABASH. Subsequently I made several attempts to verify this original
decipherment.
In the
Publication of the American Society for the excavation of
When
examining these additional samples of Lydian writings from
At this
point I am sure that Lydian alphabet consists of consonants only, and should be
read from right to left, like Phoenician or Hebrew. My decipherment of the
Greek alphabet from
When I
come to the point in my Lydian decipherment where I began to read and understand
what is written, I was disappointed. The subject in the Lydian inscriptions is
religious, and it is limited in descriptions and use of different words.
The Lydian
language is the same as Etruscan (Ukrainian) and it is understandable to enyone
who speaks Ukrainian fluently.
According
to the inscriptions two religious factions occupied the site at
In spite
of the shortcomings in these religious writings, there is one revealing fact in
them about the prevailing religious differences and on going dispute. Also, the
Lydian inscriptions will help understand the one-sided writings found in the
Voynich Manuscript, deciphered and described in 1978 in my book "Letters
To Gods Eye". The main personalities in Voynich Manuscript OKO, SUS,
MANIA, KOZA and KOZARS (KHOZARS) from one religious faction and ORA from the
other faction, also appear in these Lydian inscriptions.
The Lydian
inscriptions whether they are written by Ora or Kozar side use the same
alphabet and language. On the other hand bilingual inscription written in different
alphabets, but it seems to be written in the same language, Ukrainian, as can
be seen from my decipherment. Also, it seems that some of the inscriptions in
Greek alphabet were written later and at that time some letters were modified,
or added to the alphabet, which was used at the time of the dispute. I am
basing my statement on comparison of the Lydian version to Greek alphabet not
from
In the
Lydian inscriptions in several places reference is made to the town (place) of
BBL which I deciphered as BABLI. But BBL could also be deciphered as BIBLI,
BYBLI, BYBLE. May be BYBLI is the same place, which Greek call
When I
deciphered the whole Voynich Manuscript, I was wondering why Ora never wrote
about his own religion to compare it to the Kozars religion. The Lydian
inscriptions, in skimpy way, show why.
Both
religions come from the same source, and from common religious customs, which
at that time of dispute the customs were known to everyone. The only
difference, as is stated in Voynich Manuscript was how the BOZIA SUS (Baby God
Sus) come to this world. On several Lydian steles this difference is stated
which substantiates the Voynich Manuscript.
To explain
the basic belief, which is common to both sides in dispute, I will
etymologically derive the meaning of Ukrainian word ROZUMITY = to understand,
which incorporates the word UM.
In the
past, Ukrainian language uses to be phonetic: not any more. Let me break the
word ROZUMITY into phonetic syllables RO-Z-UM-I-TY. The meaning of the
syllables is:
RO = to
open
Here are
few words showing how the syllable RO is used in Ukrainian language.
RO-WY or
RO-VY = ditches, Hence, RO = opening, W or V = in.
RO-T =
mouth.
VO-RO-TA =
gate, that is, it opens like the mouth.
Z = from
within, out of, of
UM =
knowledge, wisdom, mind. (U is pronounced as double "O" in room,
hence OOM=UM)
I = and.
TY = you.
RO-Z-UM-I-TY
= open from knowledge (UM) and you.
This can
be compared to the operation of present-day computer and can be restated, open
file stored in memory for this information.
But UM is
not physical matter hence it is not perishable. At that time ancients believed
that from the day one is born to the time one is dead everything what we see,
think or do is stored in our UM and in Heaven this information is transparent to
the person and every one who wonts to know it.
In Lydian
writing is shown that Ora and Sus were able to read what is stored in our UM on
earth and also in Heaven. Their communality in beliefs ends due to the
following difference:
Ora
believed in God Giver (Dazh Boh) religion and it seems that he himself did not
pretend to be God.
Sus on the
other hand seems to pretend to be Gods descendant because God Oko confirmed
his jurisdiction on earth in Heaven. Ora like Sus instructed the soul of the
individual to learn its assigned activsty and to understand it "during and
after the dead".
After
accomplishment of the questions that were presented to the soul, Ora urged the
soul to remember these questions and to make more enquiries. Sus acts likewise
but then he accuses (blames, punishes) the soul for this or that action and
reserves the option to examine soul's UM for more erroneous actions. It seems
that for followers of Sus soul's belief in God Giver and in religious leader
Ora was an unforgivable sin.
The
inscriptions do not tell of what color was Oras garb.
The color
of Sus' garb was white for those who were blameless before him. Apperently the
color of his heavenly garb enabled him to read the soul's UM and to see
the errors in the past life of the soul.
Ora as
well as Sus were teaching that the past life of the individual determines
soul's future destiny. In many inscriptions both religious fractions urge the
individual soul to learn (study) during and after a dead. I have given the
above brief explanation so anyone who wish to study Lydian inscriptions in
detail will be familiar with their meanings in advance. The remaining
statements in the inscriptions are self-explanatory. Below is given table of
alphabets.
NOTE: To following five
steps were taken to present sequence of my decipherment.
STEP II.
Vowels are added (in lower case) to consonants in STEP I.
STEP III.
Etruscan inscription from STEP II transcribed to form sentences in Ukrainian.
(This step
shows original Ukrainian at the time the inscriptions were written)
STEP IV.
Etruscan inscription from STEP III in current Ukrainian.
STEP V.
Etruscan inscriptions from STEP IV translated into English.
[O recurso de barra de links nćo estį disponķvel nesta Web]
http://home.att.net/~oko/lydian/l-intro.htm
Lydian Art
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http://www.about-turkey.com/karun/art.htm
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http://www.about-turkey.com/karun/main.htm
Lydia
From Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia.
Lydia was an ancient kingdom of Asia Minor,
also known as Męonia. Its principal city was Sardis.
The boundaries of Lydia varied
across the centuries. It was first bounded by Mysia Major, Caria, Phrygia and Ionia. Later on, it
grew to contain all the land between the Halys river and the Aegean sea.
The empire's name became synonymous with wealth and Sardis was renowned as a
beautiful city.
It is also one of the first
countries to make coins.
The name Lydia is derived from Lydus, a king of Męonia.
The last Lydian king, Croesus was
beaten by Cyrus in 548 BC and the
kingdom became a province of the Persian empire.
Selected Monarchs of
Lydia with date of
accession.
- 797 BC Ardysus I
- 761 BC Alyattes
I
- 747 BC Meles
- 735 BC Candaules
- 718 BC Gyges
- 680 BC Ardysus II
- 631 BC Sadyattes
- 619 BC Alyattes
II
- 560 BC Croesus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia
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Civilizzazione Di Lydian Il
Lydians era una gente occidentale di Anatolian distinta dalla lingua e dalle
tradizioni culturali. Alcune funzioni della lingua di Lydian (un sottogruppo
palaic-Anatolian di indoeuropeo) e della coltura erano relative o
compartecipi con quelle dell'altra gente di Anatolian come il Carians ed il
Phrygians.
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The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis
Display of Lydian architectural tiles: modern reconstruction from examples
of the 6th century B.C.
© Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/Harvard University 1996
Lydian language
Lydian
belongs to New Anatolian languages, derived from Old Anatolian - Hittite, Luwian and Palaic. When the Hittite Empire fell, Anatolian
city-states started a new epoch of Indo-European settlers of
Lydian was inherited
directly from Hittite, but has a lot of its own new features. Lydian
phonetics is more complicated: nasal vowels [a], [e] appeared; consonant system
has several palatals for [s], [t], [d], [l], [n] very widely used. Palatals
came from the combination of i + a consonant.
Lydian morphology also
differs somehow from Hittite. Nouns are declined in pronominal declension, Hittite noun declension was almost completely lost.
Accusative case is being replaced by dative in the meaning of direct object of
the verb. Some verbal forms have endings derived not from Hittite same forms but from participles (for example,
3rd person plural has -l ending) or other verbal nouns.
Lydian has a wide choice of
prefixes and particles with practically every word. Sometimes a personal
pronoun has 3 particles before it, all of them meaning just emphasis.
Linguistic science has not
yet learned much about Lydian, but the language is obviously Indo-European, and
a lot of words represent their IE origin. Soon we will publish the Historical
Lydian Grammar in our Indo-European Grammars section for everyone interested in
Indo-European languages on the Web.
http://members.tripod.com/babaev/tree/lydian.html
Ancient Lydia (Maeonia)
Burak Sansal
(All About Turkey)
Anatolia: The
Last Ten Thousand Years
Bluffer's
Guide to the Anatolian Iron Age
By Roger Norman / Turkish
Daily News
This is the second
Bluffer's Guide, and takes over more or less where the first one ended, at the
close of the Anatolian Bronze Age and the time of the upheavals of the 13th and
12th centuries B.C. caused by largescale migrations in the Aegean region. The
end of the 13th century saw the end of the Hittite Empire that had dominated
Anatolian history for 500 years.
When to date the end of the Iron Age is a matter of taste, since in some ways
it can be said to be still continuing. For the purposes of this guide, the end
of the 6th century B.C. has been somewhat arbitrarily taken as the terminal
date, on the grounds that the 5th century onwards can better be considered
under the heading of Anatolia in classical times. We are thus dealing
approximately with the period 1200 to 500 B.C. As in the Bronze Age, the center
of power in the region remains the Near East, first in the shape of the vast
Assyrian Empire of Sargon II, afterwards with the emergence of the Medes and
Persians. Phrygia, and then Lydia, were the dominant Anatolian powers, and
Greek cities were starting to appear on the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts,
and, later, on the Black Sea. Cyrus the Great died in 530 B.C. and Croesus of
Lydia around the same time.
ARMENIANS -- A tribe, possibly of PHRYGIAN origin, which gradually occupied the
region of URARTIA towards the end of the 7th century. The position of a kingdom
sandwiched between the MEDES, the ASSYRIANS and whoever was the dominant power
in Anatolia proper guaranteed a chequered career for the first Armenians, and
for most of their successors. Armenia was to be ruled successively by Medes,
Persians, Seleucids, Romans etc. etc.
ASSYRIANS -- After a period
of relative decline in the 12th and 11th centuries, the Assyrian Empire not
only recovered but expanded rapidly, especially during the reign of Sargon II
(722-706), so that by the end of the 8th century B.C., Assyria comprised the
whole of present day Iraq, Syria, Jordan and Palestine and extensive
territories in present day Turkey, Iran and Saudi Arabia. Assyrian kings even
ruled in Egypt for 20 years in the mid 7th century. The empire collapsed with
impressive speed, however, during the final decades of the 7th century,
defeated by a coalition of MEDES and Babylonians. The Assyrian capital Nineveh
fell in 612.
CIMMERIANS -- One of the
"destroyers" of historical record and, like others before and after
them, originating from somewhere in the broad steppes of southern Russia. Swept
into Anatolian history at the end of the 8th century, first harrying the
URARTIANS, then destroying the Phrygian capital GORDIUM in 695 and burning
Lydian SARDIS 50 years later. Always described as historians as advancing in
"hordes", technically an anachronism, since the word horde comes from
the Turkish <ITALIK ordu ITALIK> meaning army.
CROESUS -- Lydian king who
reigned c. 560 to 547 B.C. Like the Phrygian Midas, a byword for great wealth,
possibly because the LYDIANS were the first to mint coins. Croesus was the subject of the famous
dialogue with Solon related by Herodotus. In reply to Croesus' leading question
"Who is the most fortunate of men?", Solon irritatingly replied by
naming various unknown and defunct Greeks, making the point that no man could
be called happy until he was dead. It was also Croesus who was fooled by the
ambiguous reply of the Delphic oracle -- "If you attack, you will destroy
a great nation". It turned out to be his own, and Croesus became an
(honored) captive of the Persian king Cyrus. Croesus has come down to us as a
very human and rather sympathetic character, thanks largely to Herodotus.
History proper starts somewhere here, one might say.
CYBELE -- The chief
Phrygian divinity and their version of the Anatolian mother goddess. She was
suckled by wild creatures as an infant, ministered to as a deity by castrated
priests and her cult was apparently characterized by frenzied orgies. A symbol
of fertility, often depicted as pregnant, sometimes many-breasted. Atys was her
omprehensively defeated (although somewhat unfairly, some would say, because
Cyrus apparently used the smell of his pack camels to deter the Lydian cavalry)
in 547 B.C. Sardis was taken and Lydia became a Persian satrapy.
MEDES -- An Iranian tribe
who first appear as the Mada and start threatening the power of Assyria in the
7th century. Together with Babylonian forces they destroyed Nineveh in 612 and
soon afterwards took control of URARTIA. They were later defeated by the
Persian King Cyrus and were incorporated into the empire of the PERSIANS. The
Greeks tended to refer to the Persians as Medes and Cyrus as "the
Mede". In the later Persian Empire, the Medes were associated with the
Magi, a sacerdotal caste who followed the teachings of Zoroaster (Zarathustra).
MIDAS -- Known as Mita to
the Assyrians and Egyptians. Famous in legend for the "Midas touch"
which turned everything, even his food, to gold. Yet oddly there was no gold
found in the immense burial mound near GORDIUM that has come to be known as
Midas' tomb. There were however, a large number of wonderful bronze cauldrons
and other vessels which can now be seen in the
MOPSUS -- A Greek by the
name of Mopsus has the honor of being the very first figure of Greek legend to
be authenticated as a historical personality. (Remember that there is still no
<ITALIK proof ITALIK> that there were ever such people as Agamemnon or
Achilles.) Legend said that one Mopsus wandered the Anatolian peninsula after
the fall of
NEO-HITTITES -- Remnants of
the Hittites, mixed with Hurrians, Hattians and others, who occupied a series
of city states in the northern regions of present day
PERSIANS -- An Iranian
people who probably arrived in the region of present day
PHRYGIANS -- Federation of
tribes who moved into Anatolia from Eastern Europe during the last century of
the Bronze Age and who established a powerful kingdom centered on GORDIUM which
included Troy and Hierapolis. Replaced the Hittite Empire as the dominant force
in central Anatolia, building modest walled towns on the ruins of the old
Hittite cities -- at Bogazkoy, Alaca Hoyuk, Kultepe and elsewhere. Came up
against Sargon II of ASSYRIA in the 8th century and were wiped out by the
fierce CIMMERIANS at the beginning of the 7th century. Phrygian inscriptions
remain unintelligible and the reputation the Phrygian people have left behind
them makes strange reading. Stubborn, effeminate, servile and voluptuous
according to various Greek readers, they were famous as makers of grave and
solemn music and also for the wearing of a peculiar conical cap which was later
worn by freed Roman slaves and thus became a symbol of liberty to the French
revolutionaries of 1789. Phrygia was also known among Greeks as a land of
fabulous wealth (see MIDAS).Their Chief divinity was CYBELE.
SARDIS -- Lydian capital,
situated in the broad and fertile valley of the Gediz Cayi. There's not much
left now of the Lydian city, although American excavators claim to have found the
remains of the first ever mint (see CROESUS). Ten kilometers to the north lies
Bin Tepe, the Lydian necropolis, where there are scores of burial mounds dating
from the great age of the Lydian kingdom. The largest of these, the Tomb of
Alyattes (father of Croesus), took ten minutes to ride around according to the
nineteenth century traveller W.J. Hamilton.
URARTIANS
-- Possibly a Hurrian people, since their language is closely related. Settled
the area around Lake Van and established a kingdom that included Mt. Ararat and
the headwaters of the Tigris and Euphrates. First mentioned in ASSYRIAN texts
in the 13th century B.C., reached their zenith three or four centuries later
when they built a characteristic series of massive hill fortresses in the region.
Came into conflict with the Assyrian Empire in the 8th century B.C. and
disappeared from history somewhat mysteriously in the 6th century at which
period they were replaced by the ARMENIANS. Urartia is sometimes known as the
Kingdom of Van, or the Vannic kingdom.